Basic questions about transistor amplification

Question

Can anyone explain how a transistor can amplify voltage or current? According to me, amplification means - You send in something small, it comes out bigger. Say for example, I want to amplify a sound wave. I whisper to a sound amplifier, & it comes out say, 5 times bigger(depending on the amplification factor)

But when I read about Transistor Amplifying action, all text books say that since a small change in the Base current ΔIb but a corresponding large change in Emitter current ΔIe, there is amplification. But where is amplification? What is being amplified as I've defined it? Is my understanding of the term amplification wrong? And how is current being transferred from a low resistance area to a high resistance area?

I think I've understood how the transistor is constructed & how the currents flow. So can anyone explain the transistor amplification action clearly & relate it to what I understand about amplification.

Answer 1

I'll start first with definition of amplification. In the most general way amplification is just a ratio between two values. It does not imply that the output value is greater than the input value (although that's the way it's most commonly used). It is also not important if the current change is big or small.

Now let's move to some common amplification values used:

The most important (and the one your question talks about) is \$ \beta\$. It is defined as \$ \beta= \frac {I_c} {I_b} \$, where \$I_c\$ is the current going into the collector and \$I_b\$ is the current into the base. If we rearrange the formula a bit, we'll get \$I_c=\beta I_b\$ which is the most commonly used formula. Because of that formula, some people say that the transistor "amplifies" the base current.

Now how does that relate to the emitter current? Well we also have the formula \$I_c+I_b+I_e=0\$ When we combine that formula with the second formula, we get \$\beta I_b + I_b + I_e=0\$. From that we can get the emitter current as \$-I_e=\beta I_b + I_b= I_b (\beta + 1)\$ (note that \$ I_e\$ is current going into the emitter, so it's negative).

From that you can see that using the \$ \beta \$ as a handy tool in calculations, we can see the relationship between the base current of the transistor and the emitter current of the transistor. Since in practice the \$ \beta \$ is in the hundreds to thousands range, we can say that the "small" base current is "amplified" into "large" collector current (which in turn makes "large" emitter current). Note that I didn't speak about any deltas until now. That's because the transistor as an element does not require current to change. You can simply connect the base to a constant DC current and the transistor will work fine. If the change in current is required, it's not because of the transistor but because of the rest of the circuit which could be blocking the DC part of the input current.

There is another value also used and it's name is \$ \alpha\$. Here's what it is: \$ \alpha = \frac {I_c} {I_e} \$. When we rearrange that, we can see that \$I_c= \alpha I_e\$. So \$ \alpha\$ is the value by which the emitter current is amplified in order to produce collector current. In this case, the amplification actually gives us a smaller output (although in practice \$ \alpha \$ is close to 1, something like 0.98 or higher), because as we know, the emitter current going out of the transistor is the sum of the base current and collector current which are going into the transistor.

Now I'll talk a bit about how transistor amplifies the voltage and current. The secret is: It doesn't. The voltage or current amplifier does! The amplifier itself is a bit more complex circuit which is exploiting properties of a transistor. It also has input node and output node. The voltage amplification is the ratio of voltage between those nodes \$A_v = \frac {V_{out}}{V_{in}}\$. The current amplification is ratio of currents between those two nodes: \$ A_i=\frac {I_{out}}{I_{in}}\$. We also have power amplification which is the product of current and voltage amplification. Do note that the amplification can change depending on the nodes we chose to be input node and output node!

There are few more interesting values related to transistors which you can find here

So to sum this up: We have transistor which is doing something. In order to safely use transistor, we need to be able to represent what transistor is doing. One of the ways of representing processes happening in the transistor is to use the term "amplification". So using amplification, we can avoid actually understanding what is happening in transistor (if you have any semiconductor physics classes, you'll learn that there) and just have few equations which will be useful for a large number of practical problems.

Answer 2

The signal is being amplified. Depending on the design of the transistor amplifier the actual base current may or may not be part of the output current. Don't get hung up on a definition of amplification that requires every input electron to get larger and then pass to the output...

Answer 3

Transistor does not amplify. Imagine sound waves hitting a microphone: what happens actually is that the sound signal does not pass into the microphone, but the microphone produces a signal corresponding to the sound signal; It is not the actual signal.

Remember that the actual signals in real world cannot be amplified or attenuated. Can you catch a sound or any other real world signal? No. They are as they are, we can only make a system which can work on the effect of the real world signal; sound waves hit on a microphone, light hits on a camera lens etc.

But when it comes to the case of a transistor, you apply an input signal to the base and you obtain a new signal corresponding to the input signal with greater amplitude in the collector. Keep in mind that this happens because a small change in the input side will correspond to a large change in the output side, due to the variation in the resistance. It is only an effect one to one. The output signal is totally a new signal of a grater amplitude, not the actual signal.

Answer 4

The working principle of a BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), which makes it a useful thing, is that it amplifies current. Throw a small current in, get a larger current out. The amplification factor is an important parameter of the transistor, and is called \$h_{FE}\$. A general purpose transistor may have an \$h_{FE}\$ of 100, for instance, sometimes higher. Power transistors have to do it with less, like 20 to 30.
So if I inject a 1 mA current in the base of my general purpose NPN transistor I'll get 100 mA of collector current. That's amplification, right? Current amplification.

How about voltage amplification? Well, let's add a couple of resistors. Resistors are cheap, but if you want to make money you can try to sell them expensive by calling them "voltage-to-current converters" :-).

We've added a base resistor, which will cause a base current of

\$ I_B = \dfrac{V_B - 0.7 V}{R_B} \$

And we know that the collector current \$I_C\$ is a factor \$h_{FE}\$ higher, so

\$ I_C = \dfrac{h_{FE} \cdot (V_B - 0.7 V)}{R_B} \$

Resistors are really great things, because next to "voltage-to-current converters" you an also use them as "current-to-voltage converters"! (we can charge even more for them!) Due to Ohm's Law:

\$ V_{RL} = R_L \cdot I_C \$

and since \$V_C = V_{CC} - V_{RL}\$

we get

\$V_C = V_{CC} - R_L \cdot \dfrac{h_{FE} \cdot (V_B - 0.7 V)}{R_B}\$

or

\$V_C = - \dfrac{h_{FE} \cdot R_L}{R_B} \cdot V_B + \left(\dfrac{h_{FE} \cdot R_L}{R_B} \cdot 0.7 V + V_{CC}\right)\$

The term between the brackets is a constant which we're not interested in at the moment. The first term shows that \$V_C\$ is \$V_B\$ multiplied by some factor depending on three constants. Let's use concrete values: 100 for \$h_{FE}\$, 10 kΩ for \$R_B\$ and 1 kΩ for \$R_C\$. Then (again ignoring the constant factor)

\$V_C = - \dfrac{h_{FE} \cdot R_L}{R_B} \cdot V_B = - \dfrac{100 \cdot 1k\Omega}{10 k\Omega} \cdot V_B = - 10 \cdot V_B \$

So the output voltage is 10 times the input voltage plus a constant bias. Looks like we can use the transistor for voltage amplification as well.