# How to control and power 25 x 25 nichrome wire matrix

I would like to control and power a 40x40mm size array of 25 x 25 small heating elements which should function just like a visual display of LEDs, but switching heating elements on/off instead. I am thinking of using tiny strips (<2mm square) of 28-30 AWG nichrome wire. And I would like to use an Arduino to drive the matrix of wires. Each nichrome strip needs to reach temperatures between 30°C to 45°C in the air. Power source can be 1 x Li-Ion Polymer battery OR 2 x Li-Ion 18650 (2300mAh) cells.

1. Would SMD themistors be suitable instead of resistive nichrome wire?
2. Can I provide the Nichrome wires with sufficient current through using a multiplexor? or must I use relays to power them directly?
3. How does cooling nichrome wire (drawing heat via conduction to lower temperature) compare to less resistive wires? does this require less or more power?
4. What are some suitable multiplex shields or other methods of controlling them with an arduino?
5. Would Nichrome sheet be able to be chemically etched just like laminated copper boards?

Thank you!

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edit: changed calculations to the diode's package

I would use SMT diodes (I'll explain in a minute why). 45 °C is not very hot, they can easily handle that without derating. You can use the BAS16 in SC79 package.

Thermal resistance for the SC79 package is 120 K/W. That means that without thermal losses supplying 200 mW will already heat the package up from room temperature (20 °C) to 45 °C.

You'll have to experiment a bit with power, because at equilibrium you supply as much power as is lost to the environment, and that last thing is not easy to calculate theoretically. Keep in mind that the diodes will lose more heat through conduction (to the PCB) than through convection (to the air).

Arduino can supply 100mW per pin, so you can't multiplex directly from the I/O. Three problems.

• Not only is the 100mW insufficient, if you want to multiplex 25 columns and have 200mW for each, that means you have to supply 5 A at a 4 % duty cycle. Arduino can't source nor sink that, so you'll need transistors for controlling both rows and columns.
• And that's where the diodes come in, you can't just multiplex an array of resistors, nor Nichrome wire. The resistors in adjacent colums/rows are parallel to them and they will also take a share in the load. You can't control them individually. With diodes you can do that, LED display multiplexing is done all the time.
• 25 diodes $\times$ 200 mA average = 5 A. Arduino can't supply that. Using an external 5 V supply is a Bad Idea™: the diodes drop only about 1 V, so the rest of the 5 V would cause 20 W dissipation in transistors and current limiting resistors. You want a power supply at around 2 V.