As we can see that input fed to this amplifier is the output of final stage of a multistage amplifier and if we apply KVL to base emitter-emitter loop then
NowVbb is the DC level acquired from the previous stage. Now, It is clear that the output of Q1 (emitter-follower) is less than (Vbb-Vbe1) here. But I dont understandI want to know What the importance and function of the Q2 constant current source are here. Further, it is also not clear to me that how the DC level of the previous stages goes upstage gets shifted upwards and how this output helpswhy we are trying to pull that down with the DChelp of this level downwardshifter circuit. Please
Please help me with the functioning of DC level shifters.