As other have mentioned, the answer to the headline question of "why aren't there any 12V/5A chargers?" is "the standard".
But there's another question in the body which is "why aren't there any 5A chargers at less than 20V?". And the answer is that there are. These are typically high powered chargers that support PPS (this Belkin charger claims to offer "5V – 21V / 4.75A / 100W Max" in PPS mode for example). The standard allows thisThe standard allows this, but only for voltages above 15V. If you have an X Watt charger, it is permitted to offer X / 20 Amps of current at any voltage between 15 and 20. So a 100W charger could offer 15V 5A, or an 80W charger could offer 15V 4A.