What's the difference between small signal bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) marketed as switches vs. amplifiers?

Question

For instance, the MMBT3904 and MMBT3906 BJTs are listed as NPN/PNP Switching Transistors, and the datasheets mention the switching times, while the BC846 and BC856 BJTs are listed as NPN/PNP general purpose transistors (and the switching speed would have to be deduced by looking at the transition frequency f_t?)

Besides the obvious (higher f_t for switching transistors): Is there a difference in the way these are designed and manufactured? Can one type generally be used in the other application, but not vice versa?

What about things like miller capacitance, linearity and noise?

Are there certain tricks in the geometry on the silicon, or concentration of dopants?

Related, for FETs: What's the difference between field-effect transistors (FETs) marketed as switches vs. amplifiers?

Answer 1

From what I remember in reading through the Motorola transistor data book a few months ago, switching transistors, as you stated, have a faster ft and because of this, they have a smaller linear region. Small signal transistors have a slower ft, but a larger linear region. I recently took a VLSI class that unfortunately only focused on MOSFETs. From this, I can only assume that the length of the N region in n PNP or the length of the p region in an NPN in a switching transistor is smaller so it's easier to make the depletion region large enough to make the transistor conduct. I would also assume the opposite is true for small signal transistors.

Answer 2

A key difference which is most of the times left aside is that most ACTIVE electronic devices are designed, manufactured and TESTED (accepted / rejected) for meeting a very specific set of requirements:

• We can call the above set of target requirements PRIMARY or MUST, which means we really need to achieve a very good performance at these requirements in order to differentiate our device and make it better than a "standard" or baseline device.
• Then, there is a second group of requirements, SECONDARY or NICE TO HAVE, which cannot be overlooked, or our device may be under the "standard" device in these other parameters. Most often, the secondary requirement are at odds with the primary ones, meaning that getting better at one of the primary parameters will make worse the secondary parameter. In other occassions, the secondary requirements are simply expensive to improve and not really needed for our targe market or applications.

The above happens simply because it is not feasible to create an active device which is best suited for all (many) intended applications.

For instance, and refering to BJT design, for a given manufacturing technology, "high voltage switching" (higher avalanche collector-base breakdown) will need a higher diffusion dopants area, which in turn will make the input and output parasitic capacitances higher, and so the resulting BJT will be slower than if we decide not to improve the BVcb. In this simple example, the desired characteristics "higher BVcb" and "fastest switching times" cannot be improved simultaneously. As a result, when designing a very linear device I will sacrifice higher BVcb in order to get a higher Ft (unity gain bandwith).

Returning to the original question, there are THREE main reasons which explain why manufacturers sometimes "label" or subtitle a device with such adjectives as "designed for switching applications" or "general purpose linear amplifier":

1. Some of the target parameters you have to optimize in order to get the "best" switching device under a given manufacturing technology are of little use or work against the best linear amplifier behaviour: ruggedness of parasitic internal diodes/SCRs, very high peak current, ESD protection, storage and delay time optimization, high BVcb, thermal stability...
2. Nowadays, it is common to build discrete power/switching devices as many internally devices connected in paralell. This technique naturally improves many of the above parameters which make a "good switching device", however, will also make the device much less linear, literally.
3. Price! Improving a parameter which is not-needed-for-the-target-application will surely rise costs up! Why? Because the manufacturer will now have to characterize the device also for the not-really-needed parameters and, worse, REJECT the manufactured devices which do not satisfy the named parameter during the testing phase. This will lower the yield of the manufacturing process and drive the prices up.

The last item, characterizing and testing for a not-really-needed parameter is easy to spot on many datasheets. You will notice many general purpose (lineal amplifier) BJTs do not guarantee nor even state the expected values for storage and delay times. On the other hand, switching BJTs will most of the times fully characterize switching times, waveforms and related-parameters, but will not get into much detail nor depict the variability of hie/hfe/hoe curves.