What causes loss of power over lifetime of a magnetron?

Question

The power of a magnetron declines over time\$^1\$. While not noticable for most consumer applications (A 2000-hour lifetime would last over 20 years if the device is used only 15 minutes a day), this is a problem in industrial situations.

What causes this loss of power? The best I have been able to find is "cathode degradation" but I still do not understand what this is supposed to mean (what mechanisms are actually going on to ''degrade'' the cathode?) and if this really is the only cause of loss.

I am familiar with semiconductor devices, and in those cases decline in performance can be attributed to factors such as electron-migration, hot-carrier injection, diffusion of dopants over time, etc... But a magnetron just seems to be a very ''simple'' mechanical construction, and large with respect to semiconductors, hence I can't imagine those effects causing issues here...

\$^1\$Leaders in Microwaves magazine, Microwaves & RF, 2018, page 13-14

Answer 1

A Magnetron is a "vacuum tube".
One limit on vacuum tube lifetime is cathode emissivity - the ability to provide electrons for the 'tube' to 'modulate'. Decay mechanisms can be complex but a first approximation relates to the availability of materials which liberate electrons and the action of trace gases on the cathode surface. [The material is usually not "used up" over the tube's lifetime but its efficacy may decline].

Wikipedia - Hot Cathode Includes:

• To im­prove elec­tron emis­sion, cath­odes are usu­ally treated with chem­i­cals, com­pounds of met­als with a low work func­tion. These form a metal layer on the sur­face which emits more elec­trons. Treated cath­odes re­quire less sur­face area, lower tem­per­a­tures and less power to sup­ply the same cath­ode cur­rent. The un­treated tho­ri­ated tung­sten fil­a­ments used in early vac­uum tubes (called "bright emit­ters") had to be heated to 2500 °F (1400 °C), white-hot, to pro­duce suf­fi­cient thermionic emis­sion for use, while mod­ern coated cath­odes pro­duce far more elec­trons at a given tem­per­a­ture, so they only have to be heated to 800–1100 °F (425–600 °C).

Related:

Two related SE EE answers

here and here

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Related:

This somewhat reminds me of what happens in Cesium and Rubidium clocks, where the source metal will slowly be used up as it is ablated during use (Though some people have documented methods to "rejuvenate" Rb based atomic references). – Joren Vaes Jun 21 '18

There are equivalent ways to "rejuvenate" or "reactivate" vacuum tubes; operate the filament a bit closer to melting (with no anode supply) , so that some of the thorium diffuses/migrates to the surface. How effective it is, I can't say – Brian Drummond Jun 21 '18 at 10:53

Long ago you could buy "boosters" for TV tubes which contained an autotransformer to slightly raise the filament voltage and get a bit more 'oomph' out of fading tubes.

A similar "trick" may even work on a Magnetron, for a while. 2

A number here

And an example:

• Vintage Television Picture Tube Brightener w/Isolation Antronic IB-680. NOS. This is for 70 degree Round Color CRTs. I believe that includes 21FJP22, 21FBP22, 21FKP22, etc Round Color CRT from the 1960s & 1970s. 14 pins. According to the box: Restores Color Picture Quality Corrects for Cathode to Filament Shorts Brightens Color Picture

Image from here

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Answer 2

I got one possible reason from this article:

"Each magnetron’s cathode has a special coating to enhance performance. Over time this material is consumed during normal operation."

Although that article deals with magnetrons for radar, I think it still applies as the principle of operation is the same.

It is also mentioned that RF power reflected back into the magnetron has a detrimental effect. In a microwave oven a lot of reflections occur as not all waves are absorbed by whatever you're trying to heat.

More interesting reading can be found here:

"The typical life of a magnetron tube is approximately 2000 hours of operation. Some factors that can diminish the life of a magnetron are: 1) no-load operation, 2) operating with too much metal in the cooking cavity, 3) line voltage consistently too low or too high, 4) improper phasing, ... 6) continual operation at the upper limit of its heat tolerance due to inadequate air circulation, 7) obstruction in the wave-guide, 8) failed stirrer operation."

(I removed some factors that don't directly impact to the magnetron tube's lifetime).

Answer 3

The vacuum is not perfect, so positive ions lurking in the "vacuum" bombard the cathode and degrade it too.

Answer 4

An educated guess: Magnets lose their power over time and from being heated. Magnets are an integral part of a magnetron, so perhaps they weaken, lowering the power output.