# RC time constant and diode detector

For a better detection of the modulated signal with the diode detector below, one requirement is that the time constant of the RC filter conforms to:

$$\frac{1}{\omega_{c}} \leq RC \leq \frac{ \sqrt{1-\mu^{2}}}{\omega_{m}\mu}$$

where:

• $\omega_c$ is the angular frequency of the carrier
• $\omega_m$ is the angular frequency of the information, and
• $\mu$ is the modulation index.

How exactly can we prove that?

• Your equation is a useless statement without a definition of how "better" is measured. You could just as well make RC = 1/(2 pi F) where F is the highest desired signal frequency. Either the carrier frequency is high enough, or the process won't work right. In that case, picking a different RC isn't going to fix it. Feb 21 '14 at 18:01
• @OlinLathrop "better" here mean getting rid of the rippling and negative peak clipping effects . Feb 21 '14 at 18:07
• @OlinLathrop , the inequality is also stated in this course note : www-ee.eng.hawaii.edu/~mckell/Teaching-files/EE341L_files/… Feb 21 '14 at 18:07

The formula is derived from practical experiences and not from mathematical 1st principles. It is unprovable other than by being practical and thinking what a diode detector has to achieve.

Firstly, the formula states that RC has to be equal to or greater than $\dfrac{1}{\omega_c}$.

If the RC time constant were too short there would be significant levels (ripple) of the carrier frequency on the output - this is not what is wanted from a diode detector (or an AC rectifier in a power supply) BUT, it's never going to be a perfect brick wall filter and so carrier ripple has to be acceptable (to some degree).

Personally, I would like to see the RC time constant 5 times greater than $\dfrac{1}{\omega_c}$

At the other end of the scale, RC cannot be too big or it will start to significantly attenuate high frequencies in the "detected" analogue waveform that is represented by $\dfrac{1}{\omega_m}$.

Here is a picture that hopefully explains: -

This picture was taken from here and basically is saying, if the modulation index is too high for the value of RC chosen there will come a point in the detection of the signal that the RC time constant is too long.

You should also note that as the modulation index approaches 1, the RC time constant has to theoretically be very small and this will make it likely clash with the requirement for it to be significantly greater than $\dfrac{1}{\omega_c}$.

your derivation is partially correct. Pls checkout my images for complete derivation.

• After this, substitute values of cos and sine in equation 5. Dec 11 '16 at 2:53
• There is a thing called tex... and it happens to work here Dec 11 '16 at 3:47

I had the same doubt, so I cooked up the following derivation after looking up various links such as those given by Andy aka. My derivation of the formula gets every term in it except the factor of $\sqrt{1-\mu^2}$ which is puzzling me. Here goes -

For the first inequality, note that the time required for a capacitor to discharge to $99\%$ of its initial charge is about $5RC$. Now the output must not fall appreciably between two consecutive 'peaks' of the modulated wave. The time between arrival of two peaks of input modulated wave is about $\dfrac{2\pi}{\omega_c}$ so we want $5RC \gg \dfrac{2\pi}{\omega_c}$ which we can write as $RC \gg \dfrac1{\omega_c}$. The exact constants $5$ and $2\pi$ need not be specified since equality is not going to take place, and "5" is not an exact bound anyway.

Now the second inequality is required to get rid of negative peak clipping.

Here if we assume our envelope to have to equation $$V(t) = V_p(1+\mu\cos\omega_mt)$$ where $V_p$ is the peak value or amplitude of modulated input wave, then between two peaks the signal will be falling at the rate $\dfrac{dV}{dt} = -\mu V_p \omega_m \sin\omega_m t$ whose maximum value is (in magnitude) $\mu V_p \omega_m$. Thus the "slope" of the plot of the wave (voltage) versus time has a maximum value $\mu V_p \omega_m$.

Now the output supplied by the diode detector between two peaks is given by $$V(t)=V_p e^{-\frac t {RC}}$$ Thus between two peaks the output falls at the rate $-\dfrac{V_p}{RC}e^{-\frac t {RC}}$ which is roughly (in magnitude) $\dfrac{V_p}{RC}$, as $e^{-\frac t {RC}} \approx 1$. This is because the maximum value of $t$ between two peaks is going to be $\dfrac{2\pi}{\omega_c}$, which is very much smaller than $RC$ as we have already seen above. This means $\dfrac t {RC}\approx 0$, so $e^{-\frac t {RC}} \approx 1$.

Now to avoid negative clipping, it is clear from the above picture that the magnitude of the slope of the output waveform must be greater than the magnitude of the slope of the input waveform, i.e the rate at which the input falls. Since this must always be the case, we need the slope of output waveform to be greater than the maximum value of slope of input waveform.

Thus we must have $$\mu V_p \omega_m \le \dfrac{V_p}{RC}$$ This simplifies to $RC\le \dfrac{1}{\omega_m\mu}$.

Note that the modulating frequencys is $f_m = \dfrac{\omega_m}{2\pi}$ so this can be equivalently written as $f_m\le \dfrac{1}{2\pi RC}$.

Now I don't seem to get the factor of $\sqrt{1-\mu^2}$ over here. I think I have done it almost right, but some part may need some refining to bring in this factor. Perhaps someone may clarify on this point?