I know red LEDs have a higher forward voltage drop than a silicon diode; this leads to about 2.6x more power dissipation at a given current and so 2.6x less current rating, but 20mA is way less than 1A. And yet, a humble 1N4001 won't complain about 1A but a 5mm LED (about the same size) will not last long at all. Why is this?
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2 Answers
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Packaging: A power diode can have much material (Si and metal) to take the heat where an LED needs a transparent surface and housing to let the light out.
Power dissipation: As you say, Power diodes are trimmed for a low forward (conducting) voltage drop. Si diodes can go as low as maybe 300...500 mV, as opposed to the typical 650...750 mV for small signal diodes like the 1N4148. LEDs have typical forward voltages in the range of 1600 mV...2400 mV. What troubles the chip is the heat generated by the dissipated power: P=V*I. Let's assume (for simplicity) that an LED and a power diode take the same amount of power. With an LED's forward voltage five times greater than that of an "ordinary" diode, the LED can handle only 1/5 of the current.
Process trimming: Also, LEDs are primarily trimmed for a good efficiency (Light output with respect to electrical power input) whereas power diodes are trimmed for maximum power handling capabilities. Power diodes can therefore usually be run at higher temperatures than LEDs. Actually, power diodes start to feel happy at temperatures where LEDs start to disintegrate.
These are just very rough approximations and the folks working on the research of better high-output LEDs probably cringe when they read this, but the examples still show the general answer for your question... And they show what LED research aims at: High-temp chips, innovative packaging techniques to conduct the heat away from the chip, low forward voltages (usually defined by the material and dopants involved in the process -- remember that the material defines the color and that not much stuff is available at all to build some colors), ...
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It's primarily due to different junction areas, the power diode will have a much larger junction. A typical LED junction is 0.28mm x 0.28mm. Some LEDs take just as much current as power diodes.
answered May 11, 2011 at 20:06
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1\$\begingroup\$ Okay - a side question. I have a 350mA power LED, and it requires a good heatsink for it to stay cool, yet a 1A diode doesn't. The die of my LED is about the same size of the diode, maybe a bit less. Why does it require such cooling? \$\endgroup\$– Thomas OCommented May 11, 2011 at 22:03
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2\$\begingroup\$ light emitters always have a higher voltage drop at a given current, therefore, dissipate more power at the same current. \$\endgroup\$– JustJeffCommented May 11, 2011 at 23:46
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2\$\begingroup\$ Also, FYI, high power diodes do require heatsinking too, it's just most smaller diodes get sufficient heatsinking through the leads. Ever wonder why the legs on something like a 1N4001 are so thick? now you know. \$\endgroup\$ Commented May 12, 2011 at 5:29