# AC/DC wall adaptor as LTSpice Analog behavior model (ABM)

Suppose a circuit shuld be supplied ( in real life ) from a wall mount AC/DC adaptor. The adaptor has a nominal voltage of 12VDC 500mA. With no load the adapter puts out 21.6V. After some measurement I got the following table:

RLoad [Ohm] 10,15,20,25,30,40,infinite
Vout  [ V ]  8.9,10.65,11.68,12.76,13.47,14.5,21.6


This behavior is not linear. It can not be corrected by simply defining the RSER param of a Voltage Model. The idea now was to create a lookup table controlled ABM for souch kinds of problem. I tried a couple of approaches, but until now I didn't found an accepable solution. Does anyone know how to do this?

@eric-best At first thanks for this nice workout. It is an other way then that I have tested. In my approach I've used a table driven Current Source to simulate the voltage drop over the unknown internal resistance (or what ever there is). The principle is the same. But interesting are the results.

I have compared the two ways:

POLY() is accurate enough in the higher current range. POLY() does not give correct results with higher N then 3 ( internal mathematics). POLY() does not reach the open circuit voltage of 21.6V. POLY() coefficients are not simple to calculate for anybody. ( In LTspice I did not build an extra symbol for the CCVS, I have used the h and voltage symboles as they are )

How I earlier sayd my approach was to use TABLE() with the measurement results directly ( if possible ). Until now I had to calculate the currents and voltage drops too. Using the G element there was no need in a second sensing element.

The results of booth methods are good enough to live with.

It's not a worldshaking problem, but there are open questions left for me:

• Why the POLY() approch is not reaching the end voltage?
• Would it be possible to use a (Rload-Vout) or (Iload-Vout) measurement Table directly without need of any calculations for those thematics?
• How does the Vsense usage works ( How to understand the LTspice documentation: .."If Rser is specified, the voltage source can not be used as a sense element for F, H, or W elements. However, the current of any circuit element, including the voltage source, can be plotted" ). I varied the Rser parameter with no changes in results? How we can measure a current without a resistance (R=U/I). If LTspice uses the default resistance of 1 mOhm - Is the resulting current in mA?

Here are the used Polygons for copy/paste.

POLY(1) Vsense 0.5697982962 20.92860263 -8.457254531
POLY(1) Vsense 0.4672178026 26.54996705 -26.39132582 13.56945918
POLY(1) Vsense 0.4139399263 32.98359788 -64.61080090 83.62201904 -39.64013413
POLY(1) Vsense 0.3542818621 46.00217170 -192.0837945 495.3489076 -576.4823748 243.6369093
POLY(1) Vsense 0.30168772 60.17959708 -382.1055614 1404.340777 -2561.011487 2256.757338 -768.3701871
POLY(1) Vsense 0.2681545356 71.76790957 -666.9676308 3779.956148 -11532.04145 19155.40279 -16248.50254 5485.440917
POLY(1) Vsense 0.2692168921 70.737601 -604.0536898 2982.773424 -7231.820543 7198.237513 17361491 -8409.758072 4318.103511
POLY(1) Vsense 0.2332032155 262.7327821 -13154.45379 183971.7826 -1177803.233 4137056.068 -8504379.619 10210527.6 -6630524.829 1797473.57
POLY(1) Vsense 1.36649385 343.1448432 -14848.77844 188571.9347 -1011044.411 2506906.395 -1789852.306 -4764049.177 12230508.69 -10829322.17 3493319.375


Best regards.

• Why is this behaviour a problem? – Andy aka Mar 28 '15 at 11:56
• @Hannes Brockmann, aren't you interested anymore? – Eric Best Mar 30 '15 at 15:41

My conception to solve this task is as follows:

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

The AC/DC adapter internal resistance $R_i$ is a (nonlinear) function of the output current $I_{OUT}$. The corresponding voltage drop $\Delta V_{Ri} = V_0 - V_{OUT} = R_i \cdot I_{OUT}$, and we know that $I_{OUT} = \frac{V_{OUT}}{R_{LOAD}}$, so both $\Delta V_{Ri}$ and $I_{OUT}$ can be easily calculated out of the given measured values:

$V_{OUT} = V_0 - R_i \cdot I_{OUT} = V_0 - \Delta V_{Ri}$

Now, there suggests itself an idea to substitute the voltage drop $\Delta V_{Ri}$ across $R_i$ with a voltage source controlled by the current $I_{OUT}$, i.e. by a CCVS (Current Controlled Voltage Source), since its transfer function is $V_{CCVS\_OUT} = r \cdot I_{CCVS\_IN}$, where r stands for its transresistance parameter. Notice that this r corresponds to our $R_i$, if $I_{CCVS\_IN} = I_{OUT}$ and $\Delta V_{Ri} = V_{CCVS\_OUT}$ ($V_{CCVS\_OUT}$ must be subtracted from $V_0$ => its polarity as shown below):

CCVS corresponds to H device in SPICEs (PSpice, LTspice, etc.). In LTspice its symbol is not defined in the library (lib\sym\Misc), so I properly edited the symbol of Epoly device there and saved it as Hpoly. As you already can guess I'm going to use the poly() variant that controls H device output voltage by a polynom, in which the independent variable is current through a sensing voltage source $V_{SENSE}$. Due to its 0V value this sensor doesn't influence the circuit at all, it just acts as a device that gives information about current flowing through it. (Note: a lookup table variant would connect the entered input points by straight line segments)

Hpoly device basic syntax is Hxxx n+ n- POLY(N) V1 V2 ... V3 c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 ....

In our case N=1 (1 variable = one-dimensional polynom), V1=Vsense, c0 c1... are coefficients of the controlling polynom. I have tried to use the (1.)quadratic and (2.)cubical approximation and the Least Square Method to approximate the relation between $\Delta V$ and $I_{OUT}$ in the table above and find out the coefficients of the following polynoms:

$\textbf {1.} \> \> V_{OUT} = a_{0\_QUADR} + a_{1\_QUADR} \cdot I_{OUT} + a_{2\_QUADR} \cdot I_{OUT}^2$

and

$\textbf {2.} \> \> V_{OUT} = a_{0\_CUB} + a_{1\_CUB} \cdot I_{OUT} + a_{2\_CUB} \cdot I_{OUT}^2 + a_{3\_CUB} \cdot I_{OUT}^3$

I have found these values for them:

$\> \> \> \> \> \> a_{0\_QUADR} = 0.0565813414734246$

$\> \> \> \> \> \> a_{1\_QUADR} = 22.0090828644459$

$\> \> \> \> \> \> a_{2\_QUADR} = -8.92838606452224$

The corresponding syntax is then:

POLY(1) Vsense 0.0565813414734246 22.0090828644459 -8.92838606452224

and

$\> \> \> \> \> \> a_{0\_CUB} = 0.001665699731817$

$\> \> \> \> \> \> a_{1\_CUB} = 25.6598844995012$

$\> \> \> \> \> \> a_{2\_CUB} = -20.2096104548714$

$\> \> \> \> \> \> a_{3\_CUB} = 8.31632605121938$

The corresponding syntax in this "cubical" case is:

POLY(1) Vsense 0.001665699731817 25.6598844995012 -20.2096104548714 8.31632605121938

See also how the Component attribute editor window looks like in this case:

Now we have to simulate:

In case of using LTspice

.OP  ;(operating point calculation)


and

.STEP PARAM RLOAD LIST ..list_of_required_RLOAD_values  ;stepping through the listed values of RLOAD


must be entered.

.STEP DEC PARAM RLOAD Rload_start_value Rload_end_value number_of_points_per_decade


Note:

If the PSpice simulator is intended to be used, then a variant of the following directive

.DC DEC PARAM Rload Rload_start_value Rload_end_value number_of_points_per_decade


must be issued (DC Sweep analysis instead of .OP calculation, the latter giving no graphic output, just text).

The result from LTspice is as follows:

This table shows that the cubical approximation gives a bit better results since its relative errors $\delta_{Vout}$ are smaller. In my opinion this approximation meets quite well the input data within the known (measured) region. It's a question, of course, what it'd be outside it. In case the obtained result is not satisfactorily accurate there, then some additional data from outside the current region must be used during coefficients calculation.

That's it.

2015-04-01, My attachment after Hannes Brockmann's contribution:

You claim: "...POLY() is accurate enough in the higher current range. POLY() does not give correct results with higher N then 3 ( internal mathematics). POLY() does not reach the open circuit voltage of 21.6V."

This is not true! In my answer above I displayed just the "lower" part of the appropriate graph (to show the part of given input points in better detail. But even from the table above it is evident that at load of 1G$\Omega$ it satisfies the task very well (21,598V).

The whole graph looks as follows (x scale is logarithmic; zoom it in to see the cursor values):

Also the claim "...Using the G element there was no need in a second sensing element..." is not fully true. The G element is the VCCS = voltage controlled current source, so here the sensing element is a "virtual voltmeter". In case of the H element (CCVS) the sensing element is a "virtual ammeter". In SPICEs voltage is simply expressed as a difference of potentials between two nodes (the "voltmeter" itself is invisible, it's apparently nothing more needed to be as an actual device in the circuit), but for current we need a device - to determine the current flowing through it (as the current in this circuit branch) - in this case an "artificial" construction with zero Volt voltage source is used as an ammeter. This construction doesn't have any influence on the original circuit itself. Each of these G and H elements as a SPICE device can be treated as one device (with one control input and one output). In both cases the controlling item must be referenced, either to nodes or to a "virtual" device).

If a TABLE variant is used, then the function is not smooth, so a sufficient number of points has to be used within the region we are interested in (depends on accuracy requirements). As to the smooth polynomial solution (POLY()) in cooperation with the Least Squares, the resulting curve in general doesn't pass through the input points themselves. Also, starting with the cubical order and going up, the curves have one (cub.) or more inflection points and it is obvious that our relation hasn't got any (the quadratic approx. is okay from this point of view but depicts the actual relation less accurately). The cubical approximation seems to be a good compromise, presuming its inflection point lies somewhere out of the used region. Fortunately, this is case of my solution, because the inflection point is $- \frac{2a_2}{6a_3} = 0.81 A$ (the AC/DC adapter specification is 12V/ 500 mA max).

Hannes Brockmann, to your 3rd question "...How does the Vsense usage works (How to understand the LTspice documentation: .."If Rser is specified, the voltage source can not be used as a sense element for F, H, or W elements...":

In the "original Berkeley" Spice, or PSpice (and/or maybe other SPICEs) the voltage/current sources are defined as ideal sources, as opposed to LTspice in which it is allowed to define, for instance, internal resistance of the voltage source, because LTspice uses a more complex model instead of an ideal source (see also other more complex models of R, C, L in LTspice as opposed to other SPICEs). On the other hand, the controlled V/I sources/switches (E, H, G, F, W... devices) are used the same way in LTspice as in other SPICEs. So, to preserve compatibility with them, LTspice must use ideal elements as sensing (controlling) devices and forbid that specification of Rser, etc., (i.e. to forbid use of that more complex model) in such a case. Then Rser, even if entered, is likely ignored.

I must confess I don't understand well your sentence "... How there can be a current without a resistance...". Any current is always caused by voltage/current sources in a circuit, never by a resistance; in case of an ideal 0V voltage source the current is caused by other sources within the circuit and due to zero internal resistance of such an ideal source there is 0V drop across it. That's why it can act as an "ideal ammeter" for simulations.

To Rser specified as 1mOhm: that m is just a prefix meaning: "multiply the preceding number by 0.001", the "real" input value is in fact 0.001(Ohm). It has no influence on display of a result, which is always in the appropriate units.

Best Regards,

Eric Best

My 2nd attachment (entered the same day as the previous one):

"Would it be possible to use a (Rload-Vout) or (Iload-Vout) measurement Table directly without need of any calculations for those thematics?"

Yes, it would. Using simply the G TABLE device with its controlling input connected to output voltage $V_{OUT}$ and with TABLE contents:

$(V_{OUT\_1}, I_{LOAD\_1}) (V_{OUT\_2}, I_{LOAD\_2}) ... (V_{OUT\_n}, I_{LOAD\_n})$

In our case it looks like this: (currents have to be calculated as numerical values are required for the table)

(8.90 , 0.89) (10.65 , 0.71) (11.68 , 0.584) (12.76 , 0.5104) (13.47 , 0.449) (14.50 , 0.3625) (21.6 , 0)

The corresponding LTspice schematic diagram:

and plot:

(you were so close ;-)

Best Regards,

Eric

• The addition has been done by myself. I have had some problem with logging in. – Eric Best Apr 1 '15 at 10:00
• @Hannes Brockmann, I tried to answer some of your new "open questions". – Eric Best Apr 1 '15 at 15:10
• @Hannes Brockmann, now, in my opinion, all your open questions are answered. – Eric Best Apr 1 '15 at 18:04
• I added a correction to "How there can be a current without a resistance". Sometimes I miss the wood for the trees. Hope I'll find the reason for the divergence in our POLY curves too. Thank You. – Hannes Brockmann Apr 2 '15 at 19:01
• @Hannes, my pleasure. In fact there isn't divergence in the approximation. Remember I wrote that (concerning the Least Square Method) "... the resulting curve in general doesn't pass through the input points themselves..." Realize, that LSM just fits/interleaves the curve among the set of input points so that the sum of all squared errors (differences between measured and calculated points) is the least one. – Eric Best Apr 2 '15 at 19:57