The objective is to determine the best 18650 cells to replace the ones in my laptop battery.
To do that, I need to know the minimum voltage the battery controller accepts before ordering the OS to shutdown the laptop. So, I have discharged my battery until the laptop refuses to turn on. I opened the battery case and measured the cell voltages:
Cell#1: 3.427V | Cell#2: 3.331V | Cell#3: 3.421V
These voltages were measured under no load (battery disconnected). I think the minimum voltage the controller accepts under load must be slightly lower than the ones measured. Do you have any idea how to estimate them?
Just to be sure I am not making any other mistakes: I have estimated the discharge current around 2-3A, which means 22-33W under ~11V (typical laptop consumption). Does that seem correct?
Finally, I checked the voltage when the battery is 100% according to the controller, and I got voltages around 3.85V per cell. I found this a little odd, as I expected something closer to 4.2V. Maybe this is due to the deteriorated state of the cells?
EDIT: Apparently, the battery controller is still calibrating itself after a full discharge. Right after I measured the 100% charge voltages, on the next boot the battery percentage went from 100% to 75%. I have remeasured and the voltages are around 4.05V, which are closer to 4.2V.
EDIT2: I tested the battery under load until the controller turns off the laptop. The voltage in each cell was around 3.2V, oscillating greatly due to the "knee" region Bruce Abbott mentioned.
EDIT3: I plotted Cell#2 voltage vs. time while charging:
What Filek said is indeed correct, the controller does not go to 4.2V, it stops at about 4.06V.