RF Energy Harvesting

Question

Why can energy invested in RF radiation not be harvested fully? What are the main factors that affect this? Is there any significant research nowadays that fully describes this process? I stand on the conclusion: "Energy moves from one form to another.", but in this case why can it not be harvested in that quantity to use it for powering low-power devices or store it in significant quantities in some batteries for later use? Why is it not profitable nowadays and why is it not used today like energy from water, wind and other energy sources?

Answer 1

Consider an antenna that converts all the electrical energy from a power oscillator to an electromagnetic radio transmission. Let's say 1 watt is fed to the antenna and 1 watt is the emitted radio wave power.

That power is flung out in most directions; just like a lightbulb emits light power in (virtually) all directions. The lightbulb isn't just a similar example it is exactly the same example - the light emitted is an electromagnetic wave.

Now imagine you are 1 metre from that lightbulb with a 100% efficient solar panel. Then imagine that you build several solar panels that exactly and totally shroud the lightbulb. You wire the solar panels in series and see how much power you can extract. Well, for this thought experiment, you can actually extract 100% of that power.

Then you stand 10m away and do the same. Obviously you need plenty more solar panels but, assuming the light emitted is totally hitting the panels and there is no leakage of light beyond those panels, you will receive 100% power.

So it can be done, but at great expense and inconvenience. But not too much of a problem with a pencil sharp laser beam and a 100% efficient solar panel. If you can focus the light sufficiently you can collect ALL the energy, Remember this is just a thought exercise and solar panels and lamps/lasers are far from 100% efficient.

Going back to a transmitted radio wave, you could build a parabolic dish and transmit at a sufficiently high frequency to be able to focus most of the power onto a receive antenna (another dish). This is done across the country by military and telecom people to get line-of-sight data and voice comms that are "largely" private in that it's hard to "steal" a listen to what is being transmitted unless you are up-close to the antennas and picking up a small side-lobe of energy.

For the rest of all the transmitters broadcasting, they are generally dipoles and spread their energy emitted in all directions in at least one plane. This allows music stations to be picked-up quite easily and that, of course, is the aim.

Can you easily harvest that energy? Not very well because the power is largely flying off into space and only a fraction is received by "listeners".

Each listener's antenna is effectively a net (i.e. it has a real "area" despite its long thin shape) that captures power sent from that transmitter and the amount it captures is femto watts usually. Normally, an RF receiver (at the risk of being too general) can work with about 10 micro volts received from the antenna and, averaging across a broad sample of antenna types, this voltage will have a source impedance of about 50 ohms.

The power liberated is therefore 5 uV squared / 50 = 5 femto watts.

Obviously the closer you are to the transmitter the greater the power that can be liberated but, if all you are interested in is getting usable power then use wires.

If you did the math on the sum total of energy that can be harvested at any one point on the earth you wouldn't find many places where more than a couple of milli watts can be gleaned.

Solar power and RF energy harvesting are basically both forms of the same thing - electromagnetic wave harvesting.

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Even when we stand by router? I read that some routers gives up to 80mW

Routers typically use quarter wave antennas and to collect energy you could also use a quarter wave antenna. The realistic distance you can get up-close is about lambda (1 wavelength) before you start causing strange loading effects on the antenna. This is a distance of about 0.1 metres so, using the Friis transmission equation converted to dB: -

Loss (dB) = 32.45 + 20\$log_{10}\$(f) + 20\$log_{10}\$(d)

Where f is in MHz and d is in kilometres. This equation tells you how many dB of power loss you can expect at a given distance with a given carrier frequency.

For 2.45 GHz and 0.1 metres (0.0001 km) the loss is 32.45 + 67.6 - 80 = 20 dB.

But the tx and rx antennas have about 4dB gain between them (because they are semi-directional) and so the loss is only about 16 dB.

80 mW in becomes (theoretically) 12.7 mW out.

Answer 2

If we generalize your question a bit to cover not just RF energy harvesting, but electromagnetic energy harvesting in general, we do that all the time.

The sun is essentially an electromagnetic transmitter with a power output of approximately 4 × 10²⁶ watts. A very large solar farm has a (peak) output of 6 × 10⁸ watts.

To put this in perspective, if you had 8 kilograms of gold, and you removed a single atom, that's about the same fraction as the power received from the sun.

That's $287,000 of gold, and you are able to harvest one-half of one trillionth of a cent.

If you took all the people in the world, you'd harvest about a fingernail trimming's worth of human.

The reason of course is because most of the sun's energy output doesn't even hit the Earth.

The problem is much the same with RF energy harvesting. Of all the RF energy transmitted by all the world's transmitters, only a minuscule fraction of it will hit your antenna.

Answer 3

Related: I heard that farmers with long wire fences running parallel to power lines could "steal" coupled 50/60 Hz AC. Not sure if this is true or how much power would be available, but I am guessing a small amount, but enough that the power companies noticed the loss and went looking for it. After you have spent the money to buy all that wire for your scheme, you might have done better buying a solar panel or wind or water mill. No one will accuse you of stealing from them in that case.

Maybe you could try harvesting gravity energy from falling rain, etc. instead?

Answer 4

The problem has to do with physics and the efficiency of energy conversion. A summary of work over frequency is in the following plot from [hemour2014towards] below:

The short answer is that you have to drive a device to capture energy, and you have losses across the board due to the realities of manufacturing, such as device mismatch. You can find everything you need for a crash course regarding the issues of RF energy harvesting by reading:

@article{hemour2014towards,
title={Towards low-power high-efficiency RF and microwave energy harvesting},
author={Hemour, Simon and Zhao, Yangping and Lorenz, Carlos Henrique Petzl and Houssameddine, Dimitri and Gui, Yongsheng and Hu, Can-Ming and Wu, Ke},
journal={Microwave theory and techniques, IEEE transactions on},
volume={62},
number={4},
pages={965--976},
year={2014},
publisher={IEEE}
}

@article{hemour2014radio,
title={Radio-frequency rectifier for electromagnetic energy harvesting:    Development path and future outlook},
author={Hemour, Simon and Wu, Ke},
journal={Proceedings of the IEEE},
volume={102},
number={11},
pages={1667--1691},
year={2014},
publisher={IEEE}
}

I could do all of the derivations for you, but just read those two documents as they are available.

Answer 5

I was asked several times similar questions. It looks like absolutely no value idea.

All above comments are true. I would add that most of RF radiation our technology produces is either absorbed by earth, walls, human bodies etc or leaves to Space. In the first case, it causes marginal heating of some objects. In the second case, it is lost forever.

The only exception is RF systems designed specifically for power transfer or keeping this functionality in mind. However, they can not be used for broadcasting or communications.

You can see a clear contradiction: broadcasting assumes that RF energy flows all directions freely. "Harvesting RF energy" assumes that some system collects all this energy, so the latest is lost for broadcasting (or communications, WiFi connections etc).

Answer 6

There are research groups doing this: IEEE Paper There are several more but I'm tired of googling. I remember one article\group that was capturing wireless energy to power a microcontroller. Some of the MSP430's from TI can run with very low powers (uAmps) TI MSP430 App Note and use either a very small solar cell or antenna to run.