# increasing metal detector range

I am working on my senior project. As part of my project I need to use a metal detector. I am using the following circuit schematic.

The principle is based on the properties of inductor coil:

$$L=N^2\mu \left(\frac{A}{l}\right)$$

Where $N$ is number of turns, $\mu$ magnetic permeability, $A$ is area of the coil, and $l$ is the length of the coil (if you think of coil as cylinder, l is its height).

Once a metal object is placed near the coil, it behaves as a core for the inductor, and the $L$ changes, it becomes:

$$L = L_{air}\times\mu$$

Hence RLC circuit frequency and the following sound produced by the speaker changes as well. When I set up the circuit, I have used a small inductor about $1\space\mathrm{cm}$ in size which was $10\space\mathrm{mH}$, as it was specified in circuit (there are different variations of the same circuit with small differences), it was detecting the metal, but the range was very small, at most $1\space\mathrm{cm}$.

I researched how I can improve the range (not in academic articles, because I could not find anything specific, would be happy to hear suggestions from you) and read that area of the coil is very important, so I calculated and came up with $100\space\mathrm{m}$, $150\space\mathrm{turns}$, $10\space\mathrm{cm}$ in radius, and $2\space\mathrm{cm}$ in length coil.

I bought the wire, and wanted some appropriate round shaped object for that. I went to a place which cuts figures from acrylic, and got this:

Now when I connect it to the circuit, sensitivity is even less. I can't get the reason, possibly because of the magnetic properties of acrylic, I tried to look in internet, but the datasheet provides just the electric properties.

Now I am stuck, I have heard that people got $40\space\mathrm{cm}$ range, which is more than ok for me. I don't have time to build a different detector. My questions are:

1. Should I remove acrylic layer?
2. How can I increase the range? (I have different resistors and capacitors, and a potentiometer, which I can use, but I doubt that they will help with sensitivity, any offers for increasing range are ok)
3. I am using 9V batteries and they discharge very fast, how do you think what might stand behind it? Sometimes I use potentiometer instead of resistor, and try all values. May it be due to very low resistance?
• (1) No. (2) Use a big block of soft iron as your target (3) Use a 64R speaker. Basically the circuit you are using is not a good design for a sensitive metal detector. – JIm Dearden Aug 20 '15 at 15:46
• The circuit for the metal detector is not too good .Modern metal detectors are very complex .The most basic metal detector is the hetrodyne type which is older than me and would eat your downloaded 555.The 555 timer chip does have some snags that are nentioned on the www.badbeetles.com website.Otherwise you could try a pulse induction type which I did once and it worked fine . – Autistic Oct 2 '15 at 10:47
• What is the IC in the schematic? – Tomáš Zato Jul 17 '17 at 12:33
• Should be this en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC as I remember. It is also mentioned in circuit schematic as NE555. – UserRR Jul 18 '17 at 13:30