# PMOS and NMOS in cut-off

I am confused regarding the voltages of NMOS and PMOS. For a NMOS, let us say it is in cut-off, thus making Id = 0. Then does that mean Vds = 0? I was initially under the assumption that Vds can be anything, doesn't matter since it is in cut off. I ask this because in the following circuit,

the statement given in the solutions is "For N1, if N1 is on, then Vx= Vout =Vdd because the current through N1 is zero. Then Vgs = Vdd - Vdd = 0 for N1, and N1 must be offÆ contradiction. So N1 is off." But with regards to the first sentence, I am not sure why that is true. Because Vd can very well be a different voltage. Can someone please clarify this?

Also, my reasoning for which transistors are on is, only P2 "can" be on. Since Vin is set to Vdd, P1 is off. Making the current id = 0 for P1, N1, and N2. Is my reasoning valid here? I did not use the round about way of assuming N1 is on and disproving it.

• a note here, you never really have Id of 0, and this is important to remember because fets are voltage-controlled-current-sources. If you have something in cutoff, it likely has a large Vds across it. You can use this fact to calculate intermediate voltages. – b degnan Mar 12 '16 at 22:14
• Why is this so? I thought a mosfet in cut-off has id of 0. Is this not the case? – Jonathan Mar 13 '16 at 2:35
• Diffusion current can never be zero as long as there's a potential between Vd and Vs. Just assume that 1nA is the drain current if you need a guess. That's the zero body bias leakage used by ITRS. – b degnan Mar 13 '16 at 2:45

Your assumption is correct -- when a MOSFET is off, $V_{DS}$ can be anything.$^1$ You can see this in N2, where $V_{DS} = V_{DD}$. If $V_{in2}$ is grounded, then N2's $V_{GS} = 0 \mathrm V$ regardless of $V_{DS}$.

The solution is also correct. The tricky part is that the source voltage of N1 is not fixed. P1 and P2's source voltages are fixed at $V_{DD}$, and N2's is fixed at ground. But only N1's gate voltage is fixed -- the other two terminals both vary based on the circuit conditions. Let's consider every possible situation for N2.

1. $V_G = V_{in1} = 0 \mathrm V$. Since 0V is the lowest available voltage in the circuit, $V_{GS}$ can never be greater than zero. Thus, N1 must be off. P1 is on, so $V_D = V_{DD}$.

• If N2 is on, $V_S = 0 \mathrm V$.
• If N2 is off, $V_S$ floats, and its voltage is unknown.$^2$
2. $V_G = V_{in1} = V_{DD}$. Now it's possible for N1 to be on.

• If N2 is on, $V_S = 0 \mathrm V$, which means $V_{GS} = V_{DD}$, so N1 is on. As a consequence, $V_{DS} = 0 \mathrm V$, so $V_D = 0 \mathrm V$ too.
• If N2 is off, then P2 is on and $V_D = V_{DD}$. But $V_S$ is not fixed, so we don't know whether N1 is on or off. Let's think about both cases.
• If N1 is on, $V_{DS} = 0 \mathrm V$. This means $V_S = V_{DD}$. But that would mean $V_{GS} = V_{DD} - V_{DD} = 0 \mathrm V$, which implies that N1 is off. Contradiction! So this can't be right.
• If N1 is off, $V_S$ is floating again. But any voltage below $V_{DD}$ will mean $V_{GS} > 0$, which turns on the transistor and raises $V_S$. So the only stable state is $V_S = V_{DD}$.

Sometimes this guess-and-check method is the easiest way to solve a problem, which is why the solution used it.

$^1$ I'm only talking about DC here. A time-varying model of this circuit would include the parasitic capacitances of the MOSFETs. $V_{DS}$ would also be limited by the body diodes. Also, I'm ignoring the threshold voltage.

$^2$ Again, the real voltage would be limited by the body diodes and parasitic capacitance. Leakage current would also play a role.

So to clarify, I can use the reasoning that because P1 is off, id = 0, and this is the same current flowing through N1, which automatically means N1 is off when Vin1 = Vdd right?

This is wrong in two ways. First, N1's drain is connected to both P1 and P2. (The PMOSFETs are in parallel.) So P1 being off does not imply that N1's current is zero. It is zero in this case, but that's because of N2, not P1.

Second, a current of zero does not mean that N1 must be off! In CMOS logic, there is (ideally) never any DC current! A MOSFET is on when there's a conductive channel between the drain and source due to the gate voltage. This is called "channel inversion".

Also, I am still slightly confused. If a mosfet is in cut-off, is it safe to assume Vds/Vsd = 0?

No, it is not. When the MOSFET is off, it acts (ideally) like an open circuit, and can have any voltage across it. Here's a simple example:

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

The solution says something more subtle -- if N1 conducts and N2 does not, then N1's $V_{DS}$ will eventually reach zero. It might help to think about parasitic capacitance. Here's a simplified circuit that shows what I mean:

simulate this circuit

Imagine that we start with $V_{in1}$ low and $V_{in2}$ high. The capacitor is fully discharged through N2. N1's $V_{DS} = V_{DD}$. Now we make $V_{in1}$ high and $V_{in2}$ low. N2 cuts off. N1 turns on and starts charging up the capacitor. The capacitor prevents N1's $V_S$ from changing instantly, so at the start, N1's $V_S = 0 \mathrm V$. As the capacitor charges, $V_S$ rises, which reduces $V_{GS}$ and $V_{DS}$. Since the gate and drain voltages are the same, $V_{GS}$ will reach zero (full cut-off) at exactly the same time that $V_{DS}$ reaches zero.

The capacitor holds N1's $V_S$ at $V_{DD}$. If it leaks, $V_{GS}$ is no longer zero, so N1 turns back on and recharges the capacitor. Now in real life, you have to worry about the threshold voltage and leakage currents and AC performance and lots of other messy stuff, but this is a simple digital circuit, so let's keep it simple today. :-)

• So to clarify, I can use the reasoning that because P1 is off, id = 0, and this is the same current flowing through N1, which automatically means N1 is off when Vin1 = Vdd right? – Jonathan Mar 13 '16 at 2:31
• Also, I am still slightly confused. If a mosfet is in cut-off, is it safe to assume Vds/Vsd = 0? – Jonathan Mar 13 '16 at 2:32
• @JonathanSmit I updated my answer to cover your follow-up questions. – Adam Haun Mar 13 '16 at 3:48
• That makes much more sense! thank you so much clarifying! – Jonathan Mar 13 '16 at 3:57

Because of the condition Vin1=Vdd the transistor P1 can be removed from the circuit, because it is off. Its current is zero its drain-source voltage can assume any value.

Transistor N1 is on. Is drain-source voltage is ideally zero, the drain current can assume any value (from zero to the limit given by the device size).

Effectively you haven an inverter formed by N2 and P2.

Since this is CMOS logic, current will only flow during switching to charge/discharge capacitors. Otherwise there is no current.