Understanding an 'ideal' diode made from a p-channel MOSFET and PNP transistors

Question

The Raspberry Pi B+ models have a protection circuit between the USB connector and the 5V net on the board. They recommend putting a similar protection circuity on a Pi HAT before 'backpowering' the pi through its GPIO header along with a polyfuse. I understand why this is the recommendation, but I'd like to understand more about how this circuit works.

I did some searching before posting this question and found information on using a MOSFET as a low voltage drop diode, but they all had the gate wired directly to ground without the pair of PNP's and the resistors. What are they doing for this circuit? Also, is this primarily using the body diode? In which case, what's the relevant info on the datasheet that qualifies DMG2305UX for this application? In the other circuits I found, it appeared low Rdson and Vgsth compatible with the circuit seemed like the relevant characteristics.

Answer 1

The idea of the transistors is that:

• If the Left is low and the right is high R2 (and the left transistor a little) will negative-bias the base of the right transistor's base, allowing it to push the gate to the right voltage; closing the FET's channel and the body diode will block as well.
• If the right is low and the left is high, the left transistor's b-e junction will work as a diode and pull the base of the right transistor high enough to close off, allowing R3 to pull the gate low, opening the transistor. Initially the right side will start to be powered by the body diode, but quite quickly the channel's low on resistance will take over causing a very low drop.

So the left transistor acts as a matched diode for the right transistor. The exact component values may hinge a bit on the chosen MOSFET and PNP matched pair. Similar tricks are available in other ways, but this is the most well known one.

---

If you tie the MOSFET's gate directly to ground, like this:

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

You are effectively creating an always-on-link, with possibly some adjusted start-up behaviour. Usually this start-up behaviour is enhanced using capacitors and/or resistors on the gate-path.

Because if the left is high, and the right isn't, the right will get lifted up by the body diode, then the source becomes higher than the gate, causing the FET to turn on. If the right goes high, the source goes up relative to the gate right away and again the FET turns on. Not much for diode action.

---

In either case usually you'd seek a FET that has a very low On-Resistance at least 10 to 20 percent below the minimum operating voltage. So if you're using it on 3.3V, you'd want a FET that's fully on at 2.5V or so, which would probably mean 1.2V or less threshold, but that's down to datasheets.

Answer 2

Most traditional reverse polarity protection circuits use a P-channel MOSFET, where the P-channel MOSFET’s gate is connected to ground. If the input terminal is connected to the forward voltage, then the current flows through the P-channel MOSFET’s body diode to the load terminal. If the forward voltage exceeds the P-channel MOSFET’s voltage threshold, then the channel turns on. This reduces the P-channel MOSFET’s drain-to-source voltage (VDS), which reduces power loss. Generally, a voltage regulator is connected between the gate and the source. This prevents the gate-to-source voltage (VGS) from experiencing an over-voltage condition, and it also protects the P-channel MOSFET from breakdowns when the input power fluctuates.