Help understanding 3.3v logic vs 5v logic with Raspberry Pi GPIO

Question

This will probably be an extremely easy question for the seasoned EE's of you in the community. My question is this, I have 5v and 3.3v devices I want to interface with my Raspberry Pi's. I'm paranoid about burning out my Pi with some dumb wiring.

1) If I set a Raspberry Pi GPIO pin HIGH (3.3v) to a device that requires 5v logic only to be driven, do I still need a logic level converter in the mix? Or is that only required when I am accepting 5v logic (sensor or bidirectional).

2) Is there a safe way to accept 5v logic into a Raspberry Pi GPIO if the current is low enough, or do I always need to convert it down to 3.3v?

I'm just looking for some words of wisdom on how to handle logic levels and general rules of thumb. If a simple link answers this feel free to shoot it my way. I appreciate the help!

Answer 1

From RPi 3.3V to 5V input, depends on the input IC's Input Logic High minimum. Most ICs are 0.7 * VCC, or 3.5V. So the 3.3V won't be enough to register as a Logic High. Some ICs are 0.6 * VCC, or 3V. It will be enough, maybe. Sometimes it will act in weird ways at such a low voltage. You need a level translator circuit. A simple NPN transistor can do it, but inverts the logic (3.3V Output = 0V Input, 0V Output = 5V Input). You could fix that in code, or you need a more complex circuit or dedicated IC for non-inverting.

From 5V output to RPi 3.3V input, you always want to convert it, as the RPi does not have 5V tolerant inputs. NEVER connect it directly, even with a serial current limiting resistor, unless you want to buy a new RPi. A simple way could be a resistor voltage divider. A better way would be a real logic level translator circuit.