Is there any solution to high-precision high-side sampling current measurement?

Question

I want to do some high-precision current measurement. (Voltage up to 20V and requires current to be shown in 0.1mA resolution, current can be up to 4A). The simplest is low-side sampling by MCP3421:

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This one is easy and accurate. But this breaks the ground connection.

Using MCP3421 for high-side sampling is not possible, because it will break its input voltage limit(VCC + 0.3V). Our upstream voltage can be up to 20V.

Another possible solution is by using OP-Amps:

Link to pdf

Page 18 describes how to use OP-Amps to do the conversions. But I wonder the resistors can be inaccurate and ageing is a killer of accuracy.

There's one more solution: using high side current sense amplifier like TSC101 or LTC6101. But this sort of ICs often has a high Input Offset Voltage (Vos) up to approx. 1mV. 1mA on 15mOhm sampling resistor is 15uV, so the offset seems to be unacceptable.

Are the above solutions possible? Or are there any other solutions?

Answer 1

The simplest is low-side sampling by MCP3421. This one is easy and accurate. But this breaks the ground connection.

If you are content with this method then use one more chip that can provide isolated power and isolated buffers for SCL and SDA. I'm thinking here of the ADuM54xx series from ADI: -

_{(source: bdtic.com)}

You can get versions with different IO configs to suit clock in and data out from the ADC. Possibly the ADuM5402 will be of most interest to your application.

Basically use the isolation chip and float your ADC up to 20V to make the measurement.

Answer 2

Look at the Allegro Microsystems current sensor ICs. These use hall-effect sensors and can be used in high-side applications.

Answer 3

For PRECISION measurement i see two options:

1. Since your voltage is not very high, use a good instrumentation amplifier. With high CMRR it will do the job. Ad8222 is great. A drawback: you may need to create a voltage rail higher than the input voltage.
2. For higher voltages you can use isolated ADC. Meaning you put Isolated power and ADC right near the measured resistor, so the common mode component is 0 related to them. A good example is Ad7400.

Answer 4

There are tons of high-side current-sense amplifiers which already include the precision resistors needed for good CMRR and offset.

https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/MAX4376-MAX4378.pdf http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD8221.pdf etc...

I suggest you spend a moment using DigiKey's search engine, look here:

Then select "Current sense" in the "amplifier type" box.

For ultra low offset, you can search for a chopper (or auto-zero) instrumentation amplifier like LTC1100, however you are unlikely to find one which can sense a voltage beyond its rails.

If the load can be switched on/off, then a simple way to null offset is to use double sampling: measure the current with load ON, then with load OFF, and substract both. This works extremely well.

Answer 5

Go ahead and use a high-side monitor, and if the offset voltage bothers you, preload the current, then apply an offset at the output to null the result with zero load. The TSC101, for example, with a 0.050 ohm sense resistor, can handle the 4A.

Up to 2.5 mV of offset in the chip can be treated by shunting 0.0025V/.050ohm = 50 mA from the output (so that the offset voltage will never saturate the sense amplifier).

A negative power supply will simplify the level-translation (and allow you to continue to monitor current below the 2.8V 'input common mode' limit). I'd draw the 50 mA with a grounded-base NPN transistor.

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