2
\$\begingroup\$

This question arises from a power factor correction example, consider the circuit below:

schematic

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

For the specified frequency $$Z_R=36\Omega$$ $$Z_L=48j\Omega$$ $$Z_C=-75j\Omega$$

Combining yields: $$Z_{eq}=\frac{(Z_R+Z_L)*Z_C}{Z_R+Z_L＋Z_C}=100\Omega$$

Now I kind of understand why the reactive components disappeared, since the inductor and the capacitor worked to cancel each other out. I don't however understand where the extra 64ohms of resistance came from.

And since we are on the subject, I'd also like to know what happens to the voltage drop across the inductor and capacitor in the power factor corrected situation. Do the impedances disappear and therefore there wouldn't be a voltage drop?

\$\endgroup\$
4
  • \$\begingroup\$ The do not "cancel each other", in my way of seeing it. It's a peculiarity of the way complex numbers work. You can better see what happens in the complex plane by considering that the parallel of those two branches is the reciprocal of their reciprocal impedances. And the reciprocal of a complex number has reciprocal absolute value and conjugate angle. If you build 1/ztot = 1/z1 + 1/z2, you can see how it can happen for the resulting impedance to fall again on the real axis (despite the fact that in the last step you are composing a proper complex value with a purely imaginary one). \$\endgroup\$
    – Sredni Vashtar
    Feb 11, 2017 at 23:09
  • \$\begingroup\$ It makes mathematical sense that multiplying complex numbers together can generate a purely real number. But what does it mean in the circuit? is the capacitor and inductor creating resistances? But how is that so if they are purely reactive? \$\endgroup\$
    – Frank
    Feb 11, 2017 at 23:25
  • 2
    \$\begingroup\$ The voltage across the capacitor is exactly the same as the source voltage. This means that the current flowing through the capacitor is exactly the same as if the rest of the load was not there. BUT, the inductor supplies current at just the right time so that the source sees a purely real load. This is a resonance phenomenon of the capacitor and inductor. If the frequency is changed, the impedance seen by the load will become complex rather than real. \$\endgroup\$
    – user57037
    Feb 11, 2017 at 23:29
  • \$\begingroup\$ The power factor is unity, but the useful power supplied is less than would be the case if the R=36 ohm load were connected directly to the supply. This is because the voltage across R is less than V1 due to the voltage divider formed by R and L. \$\endgroup\$
    – Chu
    Feb 11, 2017 at 23:51

2 Answers 2

Reset to default
3
\$\begingroup\$

By way of illustration, let \$\small R=1; X_L=1\$, hence the series connection is: \$\small Z=1+j\$.

enter image description here

Now, this series connection of \$\small 1\$ and \$\small j1\$ is equivalent to a parallel connection of \$\small 2\$ and \$\small j2\$, \$\small \left(=\frac{j4}{2+j2}=1+j\right)\$,

enter image description here

hence place an additional capacitive reactance of \$\small -j2\$ in parallel and the overall load across the source (i.e. the load that the source sees) is \$\small 2\Omega \$ resistive.

enter image description here

Thus, the power factor is unity but the effective resistance seen by the source is \$\small 2\Omega \$, hence the power [W] transferred to the load is less than would be the case if the true resistive load were connected directly to the source.

\$\endgroup\$
5
  • \$\begingroup\$ Your answer makes perfect mathematical sense, but I would still like to know what causes the source to see the extra resistance that isn't there? Is the source actually seeing the voltage drop at the inductor and taking it as resistance since the the phase shift has been cancelled out? \$\endgroup\$
    – Frank
    Feb 12, 2017 at 0:41
  • 1
    \$\begingroup\$ The capacitor and inductor take energy from the source, then - while the souce is at a low voltage - they burn this energy through the resistor \$\endgroup\$
    – Christian
    Feb 12, 2017 at 1:15
  • 5
    \$\begingroup\$ The source does not "see extra resistance". The source generates a voltage. The load decides how much current will flow. Because of the way current flows back and forth between the inductor and capacitor, the overall load ends up taking current in phase with its voltage. And the current is less than would be the case if the load was the resistor only. \$\endgroup\$
    – user57037
    Feb 12, 2017 at 1:39
  • 1
    \$\begingroup\$ @mkeith, the voltage and current supplied by the source are the same as would be supplied to a 2 ohm resistor, so I think it's accurate to say that the source 'sees' 2 ohms \$\endgroup\$
    – Chu
    Feb 12, 2017 at 10:42
  • \$\begingroup\$ Sorry, Chu. I guess I was referring to the OP's circuit. Of course you are right. \$\endgroup\$
    – user57037
    Feb 12, 2017 at 18:04
2
\$\begingroup\$

For an intuitive answer,

Inductive impedance, XL=j 2pi f L , always rises with f and Zc, capacitive impedance always drops with f , Xc= -j/(2pi f C).

The j is significant since it denotes +90 deg for impedance and -j is -90 deg. But if we take the overal load then we can take the absolute values to get magnitude but must use j if we want to remember phase shift, relative to R which has 0 deg phase impedance.

For parallel RLC circuits there will be a frequency where the Xc and XL will be equal in amplitude and then cancel due to their opposite phase and magnitude. This is the highest impedance, and would be infinite, but in reality the C also has a leakage R, not given, so then it is not infinite.

But in this example it is only 50 Hz the LC impedances are not equal so they partially oppose each in the net load, so impedance rises as you have shown. There is also a phase shift which you have not computed.

The rate at which impedance rises with f and C depends on the L/R ratio for series R. But that's another question, where we define bandwidth by 50% power bandwidth,BW and thus at resonance Q=Xc/R=XL/R=f/BW

\$\endgroup\$

Your Answer

By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge that you have read and understand our privacy policy and code of conduct.

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.