# What is the relationship between a step input and an integrator?

While trying to understand control engineering from first principles I came across the following which I cannot yet explain intuitively or mathematically.

What is the relationship, between a step input and an integrator?

Why are they identical to each other?

I kept on seeing $$\1/s\$$ being used to both represent a step input and an integrator.

• The Laplace transform of the unit-step function is $$\1/s\$$.
• An integrator symbol is also $$\1/s\$$.

Step Function:

Integrator Block:

Multiplication by s in Frequency (Laplace) domain is differentiation in time.

Dividing by s in Frequency (Laplace) domain is equivalent to integration in time.

Is a step input equivalent to integrating in the time domain, or is it purely coincidental that they both have a spectrum that falls as frequency increases?

Why the Laplace transform of the integral is 1/s?

$$\\int\$$ in Time Domain = $$\ 1/s\$$ in Freq Domain

AND

$$\\mathscr{L} \{1/s\} = 1\$$

EDIT:

If I am understanding the answers correctly, there is not relationship between a step INPUT and an integrator, but there is a relationship between a step FUNCTION and integrator, as explained below.

• The step response is the integral of the impulse response. – jonk Nov 24 '18 at 19:33
• To answer the question you just added to the bottom: yes. – Hearth Nov 24 '18 at 20:27
• And the step input signal is the differential of a ramp input signal LOL. – Andy aka Nov 24 '18 at 21:52
• Just to cap it off.... The impulse response is $h\left(t\right)=\mathscr{L}^{-1}\{H\left(s\right)\}$, which is the derivative of the step response, $h \left( t \right)= \frac{ \text{d} }{ \text{d} t }y_{ \gamma } \left( t \right)$. So: $y_{ \gamma } \left(t\right)=\int h \left( t \right) \: \text{d}t$. – jonk Nov 24 '18 at 21:58
• Just let's remind everyone what this question is: What is the relationship if any, between a step input and an integrator?. The key word here is INPUT and not output. – Andy aka Nov 25 '18 at 9:39

Consider what happens when an integrator gets a unit impulse as its input. What is the output waveform? What's the Laplace transform of a unit impulse?

• When an integrator gets a unit impulse, according to my simulink the output rises from 0 to 1 over a 1 second duration and then remains constant at 1. The Laplace transform of a unit impulse is 1, but I don't intuitively see any connection. – Rrz0 Nov 24 '18 at 19:21
• A discrete impulse is different from a really-o truly-o Dirac delta functional, which is an "impulse" in continuous-time signal processing. $\delta(t)$ has no width, is zero everywhere except for $t=0$, and $\int_{0^-}^{0^+} \delta(t) dt = 1$. If you haven't seen it before and it's boggling your mind -- relax, you have company. – TimWescott Nov 24 '18 at 20:44
• If you do the math to answer the question "what is the impulse response of an integrator?" then you will be the width of a Dirac impulse away from understanding the answer to your question. – TimWescott Nov 24 '18 at 20:50
• The Dirac impulse is indeed the relationship. This contradicts the answer of Andy aka does it not? – Rrz0 Nov 24 '18 at 21:38
• @Rrz0 I never let contradicting Andy stand in the way of my posting the correct answer. – Neil_UK Nov 25 '18 at 5:38

What is the relationship if any, between a step INPUT and an integrator?

For the purpose of reminding folk what this question is about I have edited the quote above (from the OP) to highlight the word INPUT. Folk seem to be reading response (or output) instead and that is somewhat baffling.

Consider this:

• White noise has a spectrum of "x" at all frequencies i.e. it is spectrally flat
• A perfect amplifier with a gain of "x" has a transfer function of "x" at all frequencies.