# Why do BLDC motor (1 kW) controllers have so many MOSFETs?

I have a 1 kW three-phase BLDC motor from China, and I was developing the controller myself. At 48 Vdc, the maximum current should be about 25 Amps and a peak current of 50 Amps for short durations.

However when I researched BLDC motor controllers, I came across 24-device MOSFET controllers which have four IRFB3607 MOSFETs per phase (4 x 6 = 24).

The IRFB3607 has an Id of 82 Amps at 25 °C and 56 Amps at 100 C. I can't figure out why controllers will be designed with four times the rated current. Keep in mind that these are cheap Chinese controllers.

Any ideas?

You can see the controllers here, if you need any part of the video translated, please let me know.

Considering heat dissipation, these devices would be operating at 15kHz so about half of the loss would be switching loss.

Keep in mind that these are $25 chinese controllers and each mosfet would cost then about$0.25. I don't think these people care a lot about efficiency or quality. These controllers are warrantied for 6 months to 1 yr max.

BTW in the lay language of the users, Mosfets are called MOS-Tubes. Hence tubes.

• You should include a link to an example of mentioned BLDC controller. – Bimpelrekkie Feb 20 at 10:58
• Mosfets in parallel will reduce the effective Rds_on. Lower power dissipation in the controller and better efficiency. – Peter Karlsen Feb 20 at 11:28
• "24 tube Mosfet controllers" Tube? – winny Feb 20 at 11:41
• Stall current is also likely to be about 10x rated current or about 250A. 4 * 82A per phase sounds quite reasonable. – Brian Drummond Feb 20 at 22:07
• Consider how many MOSFETs are on a typical PC motherboard VRM. A high-end desktop board designed to cope with a heavily-overclocked 16+ core processor pulling upwards of 500W will have eight high-end MOSFETs at minimum, and possibly 12 to 16. When you look at it this way, a motor that can pull nearly 1 kW continuously needs similarly beefy power delivery. – bwDraco Feb 21 at 2:43

The reason to use multiple MOSFETs is to lower power dissipation resulting in a cheaper design.

Yes one MOSFET can handle the current but it will dissipate some power as it does have some resistance, typically 9 mohm for the IRFB3607.

At 25 A that means 25 A * 9 m ohm = 225 mV drop

At 25 A that means 25 A * 225 mV = 5.625 W of power dissipation

A heatsink for that would need to be substantial.

Now let's do the same calculation for 4 IRFB3607 in parallel:

Now 9 mohm is divided by 4 because of 4 parallel devices:

9 m ohm / 4 = 2.25 mohm

At 25 A that means 25 A * 2.25 m ohm = 56.25 mV drop

At 25 A that means 25 A * 56.25 mV = 1.41 W of power dissipation

That 1.41 W is for all MOSFETs together so less than 0.4 W per MOSFET which they can handle easily without any extra cooling.

Above calculation does not take into account that the 9 mohm Rdson will increase when the MOSFETs heat up. That makes the single MOSFET solution even more problematic as an even larger heatsink is required. The 4 MOSFET solution might "just manage" as it still has some margin (the 0.4 W could increase to 1 W and that would still be OK).

If 3 MOSFETs are cheaper than one heatsink (for dissipating 6 Watt) then the 4 MOSFET solution is cheaper.

Also production costs might be slightly lower for placing 4 MOSFETS compared to 1 MOSFET + Heatsink as the MOSFET has to be screwed or clamped to the heatsink, that's manual work so adds cost.

An added benefit is that reliability becomes better as those 4 MOSFETs are by far not "worked" as hard as a the single MOSFET.

Could we use a "4x" bigger, 2.25 mohm MOSFET?

Sure, if you can find it ! 9 mohm is quite low already. It gets increasingly difficult (and more expensive) to get lower as the influence of bonding wires comes into play. Also for sure four "middle of the road" MOSFETs are cheaper than one big fat MOSFET.

• Also a saving on the cost of electricity over the lifetime of the system. – Ian Ringrose Feb 20 at 13:22
• @IanRingrose I doubt the designer cares much about that because they don't pay the electricity bill – Chris H Feb 20 at 13:37
• You also get more passive cooling from having the power dissipated spread over a larger area (4 parts and their required board space) – W5VO Feb 20 at 14:43
• @ChrisH but buyer pays electricity bill, and designer cares about his design to sell well. Or at least should care... – Mołot Feb 20 at 14:49
• @ChrisH going "green" and educing carbon footprint is fashionable now, so marketing departments of such companies are more and more interested indeed - even if percentage is quite low, it increases. Similar for private users. Don't have any statistics. From my point of view this trend is visible, even if it's negligible overall. – Mołot Feb 20 at 15:22

For almost all electrical components, lifetime decreases exponentially with increasing temperature. This is especially true with capacitors, which are found in BLDC motor drivers to decrease electrical noise and high-current peaks.

Let's say that the controller with 4 FETs per phase increased in temperature by 10°C at the rated load. Assuming an ambient temperature of 30°C, the controller would be running at 40°C. At this temperature, even standard-temperature range aluminum electrolytic capacitors could last over 120,000 hours.

If the same controller were to be built with 1 FET per phase instead of 4, the resistance would increase by a factor of 4 and the I^2R losses would also increase by the same amount. With the same heat-sink, the controller would experience 4 times the heating above ambient. It would now be running at 70°C. This would cut the lifetime of the capacitors by around a factor of 10, and would also decrease the life of other components similarly. To counteract this, a larger heatsink would be required, and it would be cheaper (and smaller) to just use more FETs.