What's the point in a preamp?

Question

I'm talking in the context of guitar amps, but I assume that this question is relevant for any type of audio amplifier.

Very often in amplifier schematics I see two stages of amplification -- first, the signal is amplified a smaller amount by a preamp circuit and then amplified again by a power amp circuit.

This seems redundant to me. What's the point in amplifying a signal in two small steps rather than just one greater-gain amplification?

My first thought was: does this multi-stage amplification help to reduce unwanted noise from the signal? But the more I think about that, the less it makes sense, since surely the second stage would be amplifying any noise as well.

Answer 1

In audio gear, it is useful to do most of the signal manipulation at a standard level, known as "line level". This includes mixing, equalization, compression, etc.

Some signal sources (microphones, guitar pickups, etc.) do not inherently produce line level outputs, so a preamplifier is used to boost the signal to that level. Some signal sources (record players) require not only a boost, but also a special equalization to flatten the frequency response.

Then, after all of the signal processing is done, a second, "power" amplifier is used to drive the speaker(s).

This kind of modularity allows signal sources, processing stages, and different kinds of speakers to be mixed and matched freely.

Answer 2

Quick and dirty answer:

Buffering is one reason. Interconnects between things can have a lot of capacitance and require a lot (comparatively) of current to drive.

Noise immunity is another. Think about this scenario: Send a signal through a wire where it picks up, say, 10mV noise, then amplify it by 100x: total noise, 1000mV. But if you instead amplify it by 10x, then send it through the wire where it gets 10mV noise, then amplify by another 10x, your total signal amplification is still 100x, but your total noise is only 100mV.

Answer 3

SUMMARY: feedback from Power Amp into the Input stage of a Preamp will cause ECHOS that degrade instrumentation settling into your ADC, or musically your ears will not enjoy. So we physically separate those functions.

A major reason for separate boxes for preamps and poweramps is the GROUND currents and also magnetic coupling. [there is numeric example, at 20KHz and 6 amps to the speakers, at end of this answer, with the Preamp only 10cm from the Power amplifier]

Suppose you built the preamp and the poweramp on the same PCB. Why not?

Some of the loudspeaker current will be flowing around on the GROUND, and end up combining with the input signal.

To minimize this "combining", make that PCB long and thin, so the PowerAmp Grounds are far away from the PreAmp Grounds.

How to improve on this? use long thin regions between the Preamp and the Poweramp.

In the extreme, a coax cable provides a long-thin-region, to ensure very small combining of input and output currents.

For example: Why are the advantages of JFET over MOSFET, or why are JFET still used?

Given low millivolt signals from a vinyl record Moving Magnet cartridge, or even 0.5 millivolt from Moving Coil cartridges, that amplified to near-100-volt audio outputs, the entire system needs ~100,000:1 isolation. And even that isolation only provides Signal-Noise-Ratio of UNITY which just barely prevents oscillation; for 80dB ratio of signal-to-feedback, the isolation needs to improve by another 10,000:1 to 1 part per Billion.

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

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How bad can (magnetic field) crosstalk/feedback be? assume output current is 6 amps peak at 20,000Hz. The dI/dT is 6* d(sin(2pi20,000Time))/dT = 6 * 2pi20,000cos(2pi20000*T)

or dI/dT = 700,000 amps per second.

Assume the preamp input (remember that 1 millivolt signal from the cartridge, and you want at least 10,000:1 SNR or tonal feedback, thus 0.1 microvolt feedback is the desired floor) is 0.1 meter from the Speaker output.

V_magnetic_induce = (2.0e-7 * Area/Distance) * dI/dT

and we'll assume the input loop area (signal to ground) is 1cm by 4cm.

Now run the math; remember we want LESS than 0.1 microvolt feedback.

Vinduce*** = 2e-7Henry/meter * (victim loop area=1cm * 4cm)/10cm * 700,000

Vinduce = 2e-7 * 0.0004meter/0.1meter * 700,000

Vinduce = 2e-7 * 0.004 * 7e+5

Vinduce = 2e-7 * 4e-3 * 7e+7 = 56 e-3 = 56 milliVolts. [WRONG! math error]

Vinduce = 2e-7 * 4e-3 * 7e+5 = 56e-5 = 560e-6 = 0.56 milliVolts [had been 7e-5; corrected to 7e+5]

The magnetic feedback, caused by having the Poweramplifer near the Preamplifier, is 0.56mV / 0.1 microvolt or 5,600X stronger than what "clean" music can tolerate. (some papers says the ear's cochlea can hear to -106dBc, which suggests another factor of 20x cleanliness is needed)

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How can the designer improve the fidelity of these systems? SLABS OF METAL in steel cases; twisted-pair wiring for output signals (use woven-multiwire speaker cables) and for power-line cabling to the boxes; PCB layout to route signal to be immediately adjacent to Return; coax cables that avoid loose signal/ground wiring, instead use plugs-into-PCB for minimal separation of the signal and ground current flows; large charge reservoirs in the PowerAmps, placed near speaker-out terminals, to achieve minimal-area transmitter loops (the long straight wire model used in the example is just part of a real-world out+return current movement); power supplies that use inductors along with the rectifier diodes, to slow the diode surges and avoid the evil "singing" sound of impulsive (fast edge) 120Hz power flows.

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*** Vinduce uses the non-natural-log approximation of coupling between a long straight wire carrying the aggressor/transmitter current with dI/dT, and the rectangular loop of the victim/receiver circuit. The equation, from a combination of Faraday Law of Induction and Biot-Savart Law, is

Vinduce = [MU0 * MUr * LoopArea/(2 * pi * Distance_wire_to_Loop)] * dI/dT

and we ignore 2nd order effects that require natural-log.

This also assumes WORST CASE coupling between the wire and the loop. Thus the wire is in the plane of the loop. The wonderful thing about this equation is the discovery of Three degrees-of-freedom (actually 4: the field strength, controlled by skin depth hence the need for steel in preamp chassis). The degrees-of-freedom are

(1) orientation between the wire and the loop

(2) the loop area, hence the use of twisted-pair or careful PCB layout or coax cables

(3) more separation between the PowerAmp/PA_powersupply/Preamp_powersupply and the actual Preamp and/or its input coaxcables.

(4) the 'dI/dT', telling us to (a) FILTER the aggressor risetimes, or (b) reduce the main current strengths, or (c) use slabs of copper or sheets of iron or steel, to greatly reduce the audio signal magnetic field feedback; the very low frequencies need very thick copper (60Hz needs 8mm thickness) or thin iron/steel boxes.

Thus we can use the formula to suggest curative approaches.

Answer 4

To minimize the noise factor, which is the SNR of the output divided by the SNR of the input. An ideal amplifier should keep the SNR constant, since the input noise is amplified by the same amount as the input signal. A real amplifier, however, adds extra noise. The noise factor is given by $$ F = 1 + \frac{N_\mathrm{additional}}{N_\mathrm{input}G}.$$

If you cascade a series of amplifiers the total noise factor is given by Friis’ equation $$F_\mathrm{total} = F_1 + \frac{F_2 - 1}{G_1} + \frac{F_3 - 1}{G_1 G_2} + \frac{F_4 - 1}{G_1 G_2 G_3} + \dots.$$ Where \$F_n\$ is the noise factor of the nth stage and \$G_n\$ is the gain of the nth stage. This is because the additional noise of the first stage is amplified by the second and subsequent stages but the additional noise of the second stage is amplified by only the third and subsequent stages etc.

As you can see, the the noise factor of a given stage is divided by the gain product of all previous stages. So the first stage is the most important when it comes to noise. That’s why you have a low noise pre-amp stage as your very first component in the signal chain. This configuration has the added benefit of not having to worry about the noise figure of the power amplifier.

Answer 5

In addition to what was already said, with guitar amplifiers often the intended usage scenario is intentionally introducing some distortion by overdriving the amplifier. If there was only one gain block, there would be no possibility to overdrive it unless overdriving it as a whole - resulting in accelerated amplifier and speaker wear, and requiring you to play at window-busting, neighbor-deafening, antisocial volume.

To non-guitarists: Distorted mode ("overdrive") is what you need if you want the buzz-buzz-buzz and whee-whee-whee sounds and not only the pling-pling-pling sounds.

Answer 6

To some degree, the use of separate preamps is a historical hangover.

Back in the day, a consumer audio system might consist of a turntable and tape deck, with perhaps a tuner thrown in. Of particular interest was the vinyl input, which was not remotely a flat frequency response - see RIAA compensation. So, different components required different amplification chains. It became common to separate the input amplification/frequency compensation/tone controls in a unit separate from the power amplifier, to allow mixing and matching of the desired performance levels without replacing the entire electronics chain.

Nowadays, with turntables pretty much a niche market, and tape recorders replaced with solid-state sources, virtually every device you might want to play will have a line out level and flat frequency response, with the notable exception of microphones. For the most part, there isn't much need for separate preamps except for really dedicated audiophiles (and there seems to be a considerable status/brand component to that market).

Answer 7

The point where the separation between poweramp and preamp stops being artificial is when they have separate power supplies. This is usually the case for higher powered amps. Sometimes there is a bit of fuzziness where some of the premottek!wde-driver stage of the power amp is still sharing power supplies with the preamp. Separate power supplies have several advantages: it separates the power ground (that may bear significant currents) from the signal ground (which is the preamp reference and needs to be grounded or at least ground-clamped with guitar amps for safety reasons).

As a sort of extreme case of ground separation, I have seen power amp architectures where the speakers are connected between signal ground and power amp "ground" (probably more appropriately called "neutral" since it sits in the middle of the power rails and can source and sink large currents to them), and the power transistors are connected between signal ground and power amp rails.

Which brings us to the next consideration: power amp voltages are large (100 W at 4 Ohm require 20 V RMS corresponding to power rails of somewhat more than ±30 V). Normal operating voltages for opamps, the main preamp components these days, are ±15 V, and they typically don't operate rail-to-rail but require something like 2 V separation from the rails.

Then among the final parts in a preamp stage there tends to be a Baxandall type tone control circuit that has a virtual ground between inverted output signal and input signal that can be used for something like ±15 dB of adjustments for treble/bass/other. But if you attenuate something by 15 dB on the output, that means that the input can be as much as 15 dB higher in level, and you still would not want earlier stages to be clipping. 15 dB would be a factor of 5.6 (20 dB is a factor of 10).

So that makes our preamp output levels get to the handwavy 1 V order of magnitude which leaves enough headroom for tone control processing with larger intermediate results. We don't want to get much lower either in order to be more noise-resilient. In fact, noise can be pretty well controlled at those levels by using lower impedances (at the cost of higher operating currents which may again drive noise by heating up devices): for lowest-noise BJT input stage opamps the sweet impedance point where voltage noise and current noise balance out tends to be around 2 kOhm.

Consumer line level audio tends to operate at -10 dBV as general "line" signal level while pro line level operates at +4 dBu, meaning less opportunity for noise to creep in. +4 dBu is not far off from 1 V RMS (a bit larger). "Insert" signal level, however, tends to be -10 dB, partly because it reasonably accommodates battery-operated devices that don't have the luxury of ±15 V rails.

TLDR: usable operating voltages and different power uses for different operating domains make it sensible to use different power levels and routing for preamplifying, conditioning, processing and power amplifying the signal, making the amplifier fall into more or less distinguishable units. In particular, the separation between power amp and preamp tends to be a fairly natural one that often also comes with separate power supplies, at least with regard to the power rails proper.