# How to determine the right microcontroller for your project?

I'm curious as to how would someone pick out their microcontroller for their project when it comes down to the horse power?

I am not talking about the hardware (ADC,DAC,SPI,ETC) as its more intuitive. I once posted here asking how to implement a digital filter into an Atmel Atmega328p, but they simply said, it wasn't 'up to speed'.

So what is up to speed? And how can I find out if its up to speed?

For example:

I have an Atmel Atmega328p @ 16MHz and I have it sampling an input sine wave 60Hz using the ADC.

The ADC is setup using an interrupt as well as using the running mode configuration sampling at 76KHz.

At each interrupt trigger I want it to run a task of running a difference equation of

$$Y_i = 0.1441U_i+0.2281U_{i-1}+0.1441U_{i-2}+0.6777Y_{i-1}-0.254Y_{i-2}$$

The way I understand it is that I have an interrupt that will be firing at every 13uS. I will need this task be in an another interrupt that fires right after every 13uS but needs to finish within the next ADC interrupt triggering.

• Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. Jun 3 '20 at 15:07

Approach 1 (very coarse) - estimate the number of cycles your algorithm will take. I see that you have 5 floating-point multiplies and 4 additions. On a Cortex-M4F each of these operations take a single clock cycle. You will also need some cycles for overhead, interrupt entry/exit etc. Let's assume 10 cycles for the computation and 30 cycles for the overhead, so you need 40 cycles. Let's also assume a clock frequency of 20 MHz (quite low for an M4F). You have 20'000'000 clock cycles per second and 76'000 samples per second. If you divide these numbers you will get ~263 cycles per sample. You need 40, so 263 will be definitely enough. The system load will be around 15% - this is going to be okay. Best if you can look at the disassembly to count the instructions.

Side note: AVRs are not exactly the best MCUs for heavy number crunching.

Approach 2 - Needs a hardware timer. Develop your algorithm, start a timer, run the algorithm once (without the ADC and interrupts), stop the timer. If the timer is clocked at the same rate as the CPU you will get the approximate number of cycles the algorithm takes (approach 1 can be difficult if the algorithm gets more complex). Cortex-M3 and M4 have cycle counters for exactly that purpose. If you now see that the algorithm takes 300 cycles, while you get a new sample every 263 cycles, then you have a problem and can't process it in real time.

How to figure out which exact MCU (or CPU architecture) to choose? Write your algorithm in pure C and run on some eval boards. I keep a couple of cheapest Cortex-M0, M3 and M4F boards for that purpose, before I commit to a particular chip.

• Thank you for an answer. In approach 1, how did you find out the Cortex-M4F can take a single clock cycle? Is this including arithmetic, variable storage etc? Approach 2: If they are both clocked, would that be a race condition as ADC needs to feed the timer in this case? and then it would need to execute it faster than it interrupts no?
– Leoc
Apr 12 '20 at 15:36
• Instruction lengths are documented here: infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.ddi0439b/… in approach 2 you benchmark the just algorithm, you could though read the cycle counter at the beginning and end of the ISR to get the final timings. You will have to add some cycles for the ISR entry and exit: community.arm.com/developer/ip-products/processors/b/…
– filo
Apr 12 '20 at 15:45
• That's a nice documented product. What if I wanted to use the PIC16F877A. How do I find its clock cycle per operations? Back to your document. I took a look at it and it measures it based on assembly? So what's executed? is it the load? or do you take it in as a whole?
– Leoc
Apr 12 '20 at 15:47
• Regarding the PIC instruction time - you find it on the first page of the datasheet under "High-Performance RISC CPU". It is an even worse choice for DSP by the way.
– filo
Apr 12 '20 at 15:51
• Oh you're amazing thank you. Isn't all RISC CPU one clock cycle instructions though? So if I know what architecture the cpu is I can assume from there?
– Leoc
Apr 12 '20 at 15:58

What you call "up to speed" is usually called missing deadlines, and for some systems, called hard real-time systems, you have that those deadlines are critical (if you miss them someone might die or the system might be completely broken).

In your case (as I recall) your system was not even able to execute the sequence of instructions

Yi = 0.1441Ui + 0.2281Ui-1 + 0.1441Ui-2 + 0.6777Yi-1 - 0.254Yi-2


once before getting the new data from the ADC (at the rate of 76 kHz).

First, determine how fast each of your tasks should run, in the case of that filter, does it have to run at 76 kHz? If so, write the best, "smallest in assembly", that does the job, and check which assembly instructions it use.

For each of those instructions $$\i\$$ you can find the usual time they take to run (the average $$\ t_i\$$) and the worst case scenario (never more than $$\T_i\$$ ). If your system is not a critical one, summing the number of each instruction, $$\ N_i\$$, and the time they take to run you get

$$t_{total} = \sum_i N_i t_i,$$

$$T_{total} = \sum_i N_i T_i.$$

Now, if you only had that task running, it would be enough that

$$\frac{1}{T_{total}} < f_{task},$$

$$\frac{1}{t_{total}} < f_{task}.$$
for a small project, calculate an estimate of $$\ T_{total} \$$ for the fastest (must be executed the most times per second) and more computationally demanding task, probably that filter of yours using float multiplication. Once you have that, find a microcontroller that can execute that task in less than $$\\frac{1}{10}\$$ of the time in between calls to that demanding task, meaning you will have $$\\frac{9}{10}\$$ of your time free to run other tasks.