# Utilization of MOSFETs as switches, design methodology

Let's say I want to use an nMos FET in a low side switching circuit as follows:

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

Datasheet for IRF530 here.

Now, during my education in EE, I have learnt some operation regions for MOSFETs and formulas for drain current related to these regions. And one parameter Kn which was the key parameter shows up in everywhere.

But now, I am having hard time in my calculations, because, there is not a Kn value in the datasheets of such MOSFETs. If it were present, what I would do is:

(For Vgs = high case, SW1 is closed)

1. Assume an operation region for the nMOS, I start with SAT generally
2. Use Idsat formula for the SAT region. Idsat = Kn/2*(Vgs-Vtn)^2
3. Find the drain voltage using Vd = Vdd - Rload * Idsat
4. Check if Vds >= Vgs - Vtn or not, if so, assumption for SAT is validated, if not, then MOSFET is in linear region, since it cannot be in cut-off

This was working great while doing it on paper, however, now in reality, I am stuck how to approach this kind of a design using the information present in datasheets.

I'm not able to make any comments on the operation region of the MOSFET because I cannot guess drain voltage without any information about drain current flowing through the circuit.

So, what I am asking is something like the followings:

1. In which operation region a MOSFET should be operated for switching applications?
2. For ON(mosfet conducts) part of the operation, what should I replace MOSFET with? Rds(on)? Or a voltage difference between source and drain? How should I decide whether I can directly replace the MOSFET with a resistance of Rds(on) or not. What criterias do I have to satisyf for it to act as an almost short circuit when it is ON.

And as an extra, if anyone knows, an answer to the following would be nice:

Why Kn is not present in these datasheets while it is heavily used in theoretical calculations, at least in my college education?

For ON(mosfet conducts) part of the operation, what should I replace MOSFET with? Rds(on)?

If you look in the data sheet, figure 1 will give you a lot of information: -

With a $$\V_{GS}\$$ of 4.5 volts and a drain current of 1 amp, the MOSFET will be dropping about 1 volt. So if the supply voltage is 10 volts and the load were 9 ohms you'd get 9 volts across the load and 1 volt dropped between drain and source.

If $$\V_{GS}\$$ was 5 volts you can see that with a 1 amp load current, the volt drop is only 0.2 volts hence a 9.8 ohm load on a 10 volt supply would see around 9.8 volts across it with the MOSFET only losing 0.2 volts.

If $$\V_{GS}\$$ was 15 volts a ten amp drain current would only drop typically 0.9 volts.

I never try and replace the MOSFET with a single figure for RDS(on) because it just doesn't give me the full story - I always look at the data in the graph above.

In which operation region a MOSFET should be operated for switching applications?

The graph above depicts that - for an NMOS both voltage and current are positive.

When operating the MOSFET with a "reduced gate drive" you have to be aware of the temperature coefficients that can cause thermal runaway. See this graph below from the IRF530: -

I've marked on the graph the ZTC point - this means the zero temperature coefficient point and basically it means that with a gate source voltage below circa 5.7 volts, there is a possibility that as the device warms up, it's drain current will increase causing more warming and hence more drain current and therefore thermal runaway.

For instance, at a gate drive of 4 volts, the drain current will be typically 0.1 amps and, if the power supply drain-source voltage is (say) 10 volts, the MOSFET power dissipation will be 1 watt and this will warm the MOSFET causing more drain current heading towards 1.2 amps on the graph. Now the MOSFET is dissipating 12 watts and rapidly heading to heaven. It will self-destruct without a heatsink.

So, if a switching application is being targeted use a MOSFET gate drive voltage greater than 5.7 volts plus a safety margin.

• I didn't understand the last sentence. Other than it, what would be a more general way of approaching the problem? Drawing a load line relating Id to drain voltage and finding the intersection point of the curves and the load line in the Figure above? – muyustan Jun 9 '20 at 11:12
• You asked which region and I said (without spelling it out) that the region is when I and V are both positive. If you meant whether saturation or triode region specifically then, for switching applications, you use the triode region because you want maximum current with minimal volt drop @muyustan. You want the MOSFET to turn on with minimal volt drop. – Andy aka Jun 9 '20 at 11:24
• I never use a load line in switching applications; I consider what I'd like to see for minimal volt drop on the MOSFET at a given maximum load current then figure out (from the graph) what Vgs I need to apply. If I need to opt for a better MOSFET then that's what I'll do. – Andy aka Jun 9 '20 at 11:25
• Not in the figure above but yes, there is a reverse voltage characteristic - see figure 7 in the data sheet you linked. This is basically the forward characteristic of the internal body diode (a parasite) within the MOSFET. – Andy aka Jun 9 '20 at 11:31
• ok, regarding your edit, I really did not understand what is going on. For example, why do you multiply supply voltage with drain current to get MOSFET power dissipation? Should not it be Vds*Id ? – muyustan Jun 9 '20 at 11:49

Powermosfets like this are not meant to be used in their constant-current region (I call it that because people like to confuse saturation/linear, because they are flipped with BJT. In this case it would be saturation).

When you do, they very often suffer from thermal runaway. As a result, you are pretty much always going to be in the linear region (which you will definitely be doing with the 5V gate-source you show in the schematic). The Rds(on) value is the only one you really care about.

You can actually look at the figures in the Datasheet to see where you would be operating. In Fig.1 you can see that in order to get in saturation with a gate-source voltage of 5 V, you would need a drain-source current of 3 A. With your 9 V battery that would mean you have a maximum 3 Ohm total load.

You can use the same graphs to figure out the Rdson. With a gate-source of 5 V, you can see that we have about 200 mV drain-source voltage for 1A drain-source current, or about 200 mOhm. Of course this gets worse with higher temperature, see Fig.4 for that.

As to what you should model the device with: Depends on what you are doign. If it is a simple DC circuit hand-calculation, the Rds(on) will suffice probably.

• 2 milivolts or 200 milivolts? If you think it is 2 mV, can you please show how did you obtain it? – muyustan Jun 9 '20 at 11:05
• you are right, that was a typo on my part. – Joren Vaes Jun 9 '20 at 12:25
• "constant-current region" As a side note, you can refer to it as the transistor active region which unambigously means sat. for MOSFETs and forward active for BJTS. – edmz Jun 9 '20 at 14:37