# How does a processor negate an integer?

I am aware of three ways to negate an integer using 2's complement representation.

1. The standard "invert, then add 1" which is taught in most textbooks.

2. Scan from the least significant bit, copying bits as you go. When you reach the first "1", copy it, then flip the remaining bits.

3. Subtract the value from $$\2^n\$$, where $$\n\$$ is the number of bits.

By my thinking, the first technique requires two passes through the bits, although the inversion can be done in parallel. However, the silicon to do both steps may already be present (an invert instruction and an increment instruction), so this way may require the least amount of additional silicon.

The second way needs only one pass through the bits.

The third way may work if there is already a subtraction unit. However, I think that most processors these days subtract by adding the negative, so this may be impractical to implement.

Which of these techniques is actually used by a microprocessor to negate a value?