Terminal vs induced voltage for a transformer with respect to the voltage rating

Question

Suppose we have a 2200/220 V non-ideal transformer.

Based on the image below of a non-ideal transformer, would 2200V be the primary terminal voltage (V1) or the primary induced voltage (E1)?

Similarly, is 220V the secondary induced voltage (E2) or the secondary terminal voltage (V2).

If neither, could someone explain what this rating is about?

I came across this explanation in my search, that this means that if 2200V is applied to the primary winding, then 220V is induced in the secondary. Now, my understanding of "applied to the primary winding" refers to the primary terminal voltage (V1) rather than the primary induced voltage.

I am really confused about this voltage rating for the transformers and any information is welcome.

Answer 1

A '2200/220 V' transformer rating is ambiguous. It might mean that is the transformation ratio at zero load current. It might mean that's the transformation ratio at the rated load current.

The difference between those two ratings is the voltage dropped at load current across the series R and X components, or the difference between En and Vn. In an ideal transformer of course they are the same.

A transformer is usually rated at the full load current, and the voltages specified are the terminal voltages.

Generally we don't get too hung-up about these loss terms, but roll them all up into a 'regulation' figure. If a transformer has 5% regulation, that means that at rated current, the output voltage drops to 95% of its no load value.

Answer 2

Given that what you have drawn is the equivalent circuit of a power transformer, the only nodes a user has access to physically are shown with the red dots below: -