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He found an error of about 18%.

What is the error formula used in this example?

section 1.5.1 of the book Design of PLLs by Behzad Razavi

From section 1.5.1 of the book Design of PLLs by Behzad Razav.

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    \$\begingroup\$ Ummmm... Equation 1.36 maybe???? \$\endgroup\$
    – Kyle B
    Commented Nov 24, 2022 at 7:30
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    \$\begingroup\$ So show what you have considered so far. \$\endgroup\$
    – Solar Mike
    Commented Nov 24, 2022 at 7:41

1 Answer 1

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If a target value is supposed to be 1.51 units, and you use an actual 1.25 unit thing, then your error is (target - actual) / target = (1.51 - 1.25) / 1.51 = 0.1722.

It appears your textbook rounded that to "about 18%", perhaps by calculating 1.25 / 1.51 = 0.8278, rounding to 0.82, which is 0.18 from 1.00.

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