How good is the advice to run the car headlights before starting the car in cold weather?

Question

I'll do my best to formulate this as a purely electrical problem so that it isn't claimed to be belonging to Vehicle Maintenance SE.

We have a lead-acid starter battery (not a deep cycle fashion) that has been sitting in low temperature conditions - something like -20 degrees Celsius (-4 Fahrenheit) and so it's capacity has seriously reduced compared to warmer weather. We have an engine starter that drains about 200 amperes from the battery for several seconds.

Now there's a claim that simply trying the start the engine is not the best practice because the very cold battery will not give much power and the engine might not start. The "better practice" is claimed to be to turn the headlights on for about half a minute so that "the juice starts flowing" and the battery warms up and outputs more current.

So the myth goes. Now a typical headlight bulb power is 55 watts, so for both headlights we get 110 watts which means like 9 amperes current through the battery.

A typical car battery weighs about 17 kilograms (about 40 pounds). So the claim basically means that 9 amperes for half a minute is enough to warm a cooled to -20 Celsius lead acid battery and notably improve its characteristic.

Then shouldn't draining about 200 amperes for several seconds make the battery heat further and perhaps boil and explode?

From the point of how a typical lead acid starter battery works at about -20 Celsius is it possible that running about 9 amperes load for about half a minute would help it warm and output more power and get the engine starter run better?

Answer 1

Battery heating can be roughly defined using its internal resistance. We can get a rough estimate of a battery's internal resistance using it's cold cranking amp rating. This is rated at -18C, which is close to -20C.

For a nominal 12V battery: $$ R = \frac{12V - 7.2V}{CCA} $$

Let's assume this is constant vs. current draw.

Let's assume at time t=0, the battery is completely insulated from the world and has a heat capacity similar to pure water.

The amount of energy required to heat 17 kg of water from say even -20C to -18C is: $$ E = 4.2 \frac{J}{g K} \cdot 17 kg \cdot (20^oC - 18^oC) = 142.8 kJ $$

For a 9A draw, this would take:

$$ t = \frac{E}{(9A)^2 \cdot R} $$

Suppose you have a 200 CCA battery. Then we can find t = 73 seconds.

Problems with this analysis: Obviously the full weight of the battery is not just the liquid inside. Thus the time required to heat the battery 2 degrees C would be less. However, a larger problem is that you probably don't have a perfectly insulated battery. The 9A draw only produces ~2W, which could easily be lost from the battery (the cables are extremely good conductors away from the battery).

At temperatures much colder you're going to have to start worrying about fluids freezing, thus many things could just stop working. You're much better off following proper car winterization guide.