Questions tagged [wave]
May refer to an electromagnetic wave (such as a radio wave) or the PCB manufacturing process of wave soldering.
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Average value of pure sine wave while finding ripple factor? [closed]
We know the average value of pure full-wave AC is zero. Why do we use \$2 \times V_p /\pi\$ when determining the Ripple Factor or Form Factor? \$V_{avg} = 2 \times V_p / \pi\$ is for rectified full ...
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What can I use to convert the output wave from an inverter from a modified sine wave to a pure sine wave without much energy loss?
I use an inverter (600 W) to convert from DC 12 V to AC 220 V 50 Hz, but the wave output from the inverter is a modified sine wave, which causes problems when operating some electrical appliances (...
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Which characteristic of an interface allows an ultrasonic sensor to work?
Say I have two liquids in a vat and I want to use ultrasonic to determine what height the interface between the two liquids is. What is the actual liquid property that causes the sound waves to ...
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Capacitor Operating Temperature Range
Our .0047uF G 630 Vdc axial cap has an operating range of -40C - +85C. If the wave solder temp reaches 105C won't the cap be damaged, or possibly have an altered tolerance range?
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Why would 50W of power be sent to be reflected in the first place to an open end antenna port to be reflected [duplicate]
I understand theres a lot online about transmission line theory it terms of why the reflection, but if say the load was open or really high, thinking of a standard circuit, the total series inpedance ...
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How can I measure the frequency of multiple square waves?
I'm trying to evaluate the frequency of 18 independent sources of square waves in my system (the signals are generated independently as feedback.) Basically, I need to have a way to use one ...
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Could a DIY 1 kW portable version of the military non-lethal microwave beam active denial system (ADS) be made?
How would one create a portable 1 kW microwave emitter that projects out a 95 GHz beam to about 5 - 10 feet? What kind of components would be required?
I recently came across this fascinating video ...
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How to generate microwave band frequencies like 85GHz? Is there a DIY device or parts kit to do this? [closed]
Let's say I want to build a device that generates and sends out a microwave of some arbitrary specific frequency to a short distance, say 1 - 2 feet.
For example, 95 GHz.
Is there a straightforward ...
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Formula relating attenuation and loss tangent in EM wave propagation?
in this previously answered question, a relation is established between the attenuation and loss tangent in EM waves. The formula given is the following:
$$ \alpha = \frac{\omega}{c} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{...
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Effects of ferrite isolator on waveform
I have recently measured the standing wave signal from a waveguide. I notice that as the frequency is lowered the signal tends towards a sawtooth wave.
**
My guess for why this happens is that the EM ...
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Do electromagnetic fields undergo any variation between fields in time, or do such waves just expand in time and in their spherical plane?
In literature it is routinely said that an electric field generates a magnetic field, and thus one field creates the other "eternally", and that this explains their propagation.
Am I wrong ...
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Nodes are moving. Can it be called a standing wave?
Please see the following youtube video.
https://youtu.be/MJKfyLfY9Pg
It is a lossy transmission line.
The resultant wave of incident and reflected wave is also moving.
In a standing wave, neither the ...
user331400
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I need a way to use analog electronic components to invert an irregular wave [closed]
I am doing a personal project wherein I am using an EMG sensor on my muscles, amplifying the output, and then running it to a lead on a motor. What I can't figure out is how to invert the irregular ...
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Generate a sine wave with MCU
I want to generate a sine wave without an offset voltage. I generated a sine wave from 0 to 3.3 V and it has a 1.65 V offset. I need a sine wave from -1.65 V to 1.65 V using an MCU. How can I do that?
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Why does this inverter use two bridges?
I recently destroyed a 1000 W-rated 24 VDC -> 220 VAC pure sine wave inverter I bought a while back from Ebay, by connecting its output to mains power inadvertently.
Afterwards, I decided to ...
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Using An nRF24L01 Module With A 2.5GHz 5dBi Antenna?
I have a basic knowledge about Communications and Antennas, so i was wondering what will happen if i used a 2.5GHz 5dBi antenna instead of a 2.5 GHz 3dBi one?![Images Are Listed Below].
To be specific,...
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125 kHz Arduino RDM6300 read issue
I've tried to read a 125 kHz signal with an Arduino using an RDM6300 module, but it didn't work.
I tried to catch the signal with Audacity. Please find attached photo with the signal.
How can I catch ...
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Square waves (Hall-effect sensor)
I'm replacing the gearbox of my truck.
Both gearboxes (the old one and the new one) have speed sensors in the output shaft, but they don´t produce the same signals.
In order to make the new sensor ...
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Reflected wave phenomenon - transient response and steady state of a transmission line
I'm currently trying to design a PWM driver for an impedance-mismatched long cable.
Sending rectangular pulses (rise-fall time ~0s) over a long cable that is not matched with its impedance results in ...
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Need 64Hz square wave green LED driver for a mosquito zapper
I have several 10 watt COB (Chip-on-Board) green LEDs which apparently are the best color to attract mosquitoes if driven at an ideal pulsing square wave frequency of 64 Hz.
I was going to use a ...
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Square wave distortion at low frequencies, high-pass filtering, AC coupling
This is an update on my previous question.
As Hearth suggeste, I changed to DC coupling on my scope.
This is what I got:
That's a clear change. Not a perfect square waves but I guess it is because of ...
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Square wave distortion on low frequencies
I have this old Soviet low frequency sine and square pulse generator "G3-36A".
I ran into an interesting problem.
When I try to generate square pulse under 100Hz I get a distorted wave. ...
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Rail to rail +12/-12 V square wave generation with microcontroller
I need to generate a +/-12 V square wave, +/-0.4 V tolerance is allowed. The purpose is to drive the pilot signal of an electric vehicle level 2 charger, for those curious.
EDIT (clarification): what ...
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Sort of square wave shift or cleanup
I have a wave I want to feed into an Arduino to measure frequency.
I need the wave to hit zero to measure the frequency, I think. A nice clean square wave ideally.
I am using a simple 4.3V Zener ...
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Converting square wave into a sine wave [closed]
I am trying to convert a 1 MHz square wave into a sine wave of the same frequency. What's the best way to achieve this?
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1 Hz ring oscillator not working
Inspired by this project I built a ring oscillator that outputs a 1 Hz signal.
Using their formula, I decided to use 1K for R1 and R2, and 558 uF for C1. I used a CD4069UB CMOS inverter that has a ...
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Problem in the book "Radio Antennas and Propagation"
I came across a problem in an electronics textbook by William Gosling, Radio Antennas and Propagation.
I am an undergraduate and I sent this to my lecturer to help solve but unfortunately, her answer ...
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Frequency of square wave generated by Wien bridge oscillator
I have designed the wien bridge oscillator circuit for 20Hz square wave generation. It gives a 20Hz sinusoid as output when I keep the non-inverting amplifier gain 3V/V. But when the non-inverting ...
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Circuit that converts sine wave to RMS voltage
How do I design a simple circuit that converts a sine wave to an RMS voltage? The input will be a sine wave and the output an RMS voltage.
I know I will need an ADC, but not sure which one. I also ...
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EM radiation hitting atoms [closed]
What happens when the EM wave is incident on a atom?
Do the de-localized electrons in the atoms or the valence band electons move in the direction of the electric field?
Also when the electrons move, ...
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Photodiode square wave positive duty cycle lower and lower
I drive an IR LED with a 50% duty cycle square wave and receive its signal with a photodiode. If I take the photodiode farther and farther from the LED, the signal's positive duty cycle is lower and ...
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Double conversion UPS off a modified sine input?
I have a 2000W modified sine wave inverter running from 12V bank in a tractor-trailer. It’s company owned, so no changing or adding equipment. Only viable solution I can see to achieve a sine wave is ...
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Precise square wave generator 32768 Hz
I need to create a circuit to generate a square wave with 50% duty at 32768 Hz +/- 5 Hz. The output of the circuit will drive an NPN transistor ( 0.2 A , 24VDC ).
The cost of the component is not a ...
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How to plot graph of perpendicularly polarized uniform plane wave is incident obliquely on a dielectric to conductor boundary using Matlab
I am writing the code for the equation which is attached below (
image of equation).
I have written the code but getting errors. I want to plot the graph of E and H as underlined in the image.
In the ...
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WiFi (2,4G) Antenna Isolation. Why 3 capcitors version does not work
I need to isolate the antenna from the WiFi transmitter. There are some solutions on the market but none suitable for my application.
So I have started some experiments.
2x PCBs creating DIY ...
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Solid Faraday cage with a hole for a wire
Is it possible to make a solid Faraday cage with a hole for a wire (to transmit information inside)?
What is needed to prevent electromagnetic waves from going through the hole?
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Underdamped bipolar square wave with Arduino [closed]
I want to ask about a 30 Hz (decaying square wave) underdamped bipolar square wave.Also this is used for demagnetization. The photo of the output is shown as below. Could you help me to construct? Any ...
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What to do when studying "travelling wave" in a coaxial cable?
Propagation of travelling waves on cables may sometimes be difficult to apply and understand. There is a method called in french "abaque de Bewley" or "diagramme de Bergeron" (in ...
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why Arduino Nano Atmega328P D9 & D10 GPIO Blowing while using PNP Transistor S8550?
I am trying to make an Simple Sinve Wave Inverter circuit using below Schmatic.
As soon as I connect this circuit D9 & D10 gets damaged. should I change the value of 100Ohm to 1K ? will that solve ...
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Can't Make Square and Triangle Waves
I have the following c++ code for making a sine wave using SFML, which i got from https://github.com/SFML/SFML/wiki/Tutorial%3A-Play-Sine-Wave.
...
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Wave Impedance vs Characteristic Impedance
What is the physical difference between Wave Impedance and Characteristic Impedance? What are the meanings of these in a wave port in a simulator software?
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Why'd we have reflected waves in transmission lines?
I've learn today that when you applie a potencial V in a transmission line, we get a V in positive way, but we have to a V in negativa way, being reflected. What does it means? Like, I can understand ...
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Parallel transmision lines reflection at the source
Question:
There's a 9 V battery with output resistance of 50 Ω, at time t = 0 it is connected to two lossless transmission lines connected in parallel: LTx1 and LTx2.
Both lines are identical, with ...
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What properties differentiate specific wireless communication technologies?
Is it just the frequency range that a particular wireless communication technology operates in? (for example WiFi 2.4 Ghz band (2,400 to 2,483.5 Mhz)). Can a frequency range of one technology overlap ...
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How to imagine the mathematical expression in the waveguide?
Below we see an example expression for the E-field. It has three components:
polarization of the field
propagation direction
standing wave pattern
In the photo below of the field "L" has ...
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Synonym for Sine Wave Half Cycle
One cycle of a sine wave (such as the mains power voltage) consists of two half cycles (often called positive and negative in electronics).
Is there a (preferably one-word) term to refer to such a <...
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Trapezoidal wave rms value calculation
Does anybody know how to calculate this wave RMS value?
The answer is
I use Mathcad to prove it but I still can not get the answer.
Hope someone can give me help.
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LFO Triangle to Square wave peak distortion
I put together an LFO based off the one in the link below. I swapped out the op amps in the schematic for 741 op amps.
Everything works fine, except for the square wave. This is supposed to be the ...
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Mobile Signals and Amplitude Modulation
I was just introduced to the concept of Amplitude Modulation and how it was used for transmitting information between radios.
What modulation technique is used for communication between mobile cell ...
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Constructing a sine wave generator circuit using LTSpice
I am trying to make this particular Wien Bridge Oscillator (WBO) circuit using LTspice. Ideally I should get an output sine signal. Although I can't seem to make it work. Anything wrong with what I ...
