# Sequential phase energization with resistor in neutral supply
Ideas are based on these sources https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1413337 a.k.a. <br/>
http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~apic/papers/Power_Quality/PQ-InrushReductionP1.pdf
From my own experience with a [80 kVA 400 VAC 50 Hz transformer][1] with a specified maximum of 1216 Amps inrush current, I can tell that switching on phases L1-L2-L3 sequentially with a resistor in the neutral line reduces inrush current a lot (even better then expected). 4 relays, 1 timer relay, 1 resistor and an NC auxillary for the contactor was all I needed, beside the contactor already in place. The contactor is there to disconnect at night and to short-circuit the bypass resistor.
### Timing of sequential phase delay
Somewhere between 0.015 and 0.5 seconds is a good delay for L2 and L3 at 50 hertz.
By trial and resistive inrush current measurements at 100 ksamples per second, I can measure less frequent high peaks at longer delays, though high inrush current peaks do still occur at 0.55s.
L2+L3 delay [s] L1 peak [A] L2 peak [A] #tests
--------------- ----------- ----------- ------
0.015...0.025 83 42 247
0.1 56 56 459
0.25 26 41 19
0.5 50 62 59
0.55 99 99 205
--------------- ----------- ----------- ------
### Timer protection
Because the [MTR17-TAB-U240-208 timer relay][2] is rated at 8 amps and magnetic circuit breakers in D-8A are expensive to source, a lower value D-6A breaker was used. Even with 0.55 seconds delay the L3 D-6A breaker tripped once where L1 and L2 inrush measurements were at 99 amps. Though better choose a B characteric. It turns out that D-6A doesn't protect the 8A relay in case of short circuit.
For improved uptime I'd rather accept 99 amp peaks over 45 amps, when the circuit can be protected with 32A breakers instead of 6A breakers. Therefore I chose to replace 100 ms delays of the [MTR17-TAB-U240-208 timer relay][2] with 15...25 milliseconds make delays of the [32A IKA232-20/230V relay][3].
Note: 0.6 seconds was used as last sequential delay for switching a [DILMP125(RAC240) contactor][4] using a [h3dt-a2][5].
### Ohmic value grounding resistor
In my case the primary side no load phase average measured around 2.2 Amps. Optimal neutral line resistance was [calculated according to part II][6] to be 8.97 Ohms:
U ≈ 235 volts
I_no-load_phase_average ≈ 2.21 amps
P_no-load_loss ≈ 186.48 watts
Z_open = U/I_no-load_phase_average ≈ 106.33 ohms
R_open = P_loss / (3 · I_no-load² ) ≈ 12.727 ohms
X_no-load = SQRT(11307.1-162) ≈ 105.57 ohms
R_N_optimal ≈ 0.085 · X_no-load ≈ 8.97 ohms
### Include or exclude neutral to ground resistance?
No clue whether that resistor value should include or exclude the line to ground resistance of the earth rod. Although my measurements suggests the calculated resistance value includes the full circuit including star point earth rod resistance. With 8.5 Ohms inserted in the circuit the maximum inrush phase current was measured at 99 Amps and a D-6A breaker tripped (once during 60 test runs). Lowering the resistance to 4.5 Ohms reduced the peak values and didn't trip the D-6A breaker during 697 test runs. Lowering to 3.644 Ohms seems to slightly increase inrush L2-L3 current peak values.
Resistance [Ω] L1 peak [A] L2 peak [A] #tests
-------------- ----------- ----------- ------
3.644 56 62 138
4.0 52 50 197
4.5 45 49 118
5.0 42 48 87
6.0 37 47 98
7.061 31 42 21
8.0 83 43 241
8.5 99 99 60
-------------- ----------- ----------- ------
My first thought is to exclude/ignore neutral to earth resistance. Though the calculated optimal value seems a too high for L3 due to the breaker tripping once. Lowering neutral resistance with 1.5 ohms to around 7 ohms seems optimal in this case. Choosing between fixed value resistors, better use 4 ohms over 8 ohms for lowest peak values (52 versus 83).
Note: I didn't measure neutral to earth circuit resistance, though suspect 5 Ohms of resistance in the earthing rod at the utility company transformer according to that company its public documents for contracts, which states "...stop adding earth rods as soon as the resistance is lower then 5 Ohms". At the time of the measurements soil is dry to a lack of rain and ground water level is rather low at 3.3 meters below surface.
### Resistor power rating
The [H3DT-A2 timer relay][5] to be set to actuate the contactor within 0.6 seconds, and when switching the transformer on 6 times per minute the 8 ohms 50 watt [**N**HS50 resistor][7] increased from 17º to 45ºC at most. With 4 ohms 50 watt the temperature hardly reaches 28ºC. Choosing a power rating of 10 watts seems safe for 4 ohms. For 8 ohms 25 watts leaves a lot of margin.
### Schematic with power saving
In this schematic L2 + L3 are operated with timer relays. These timer relays can be exchanged with breakers, like N + L1.
This energy saving design powers down 4 (timer) relays N-L1-L2-L3 after enabling the contactor. This is done using a [make-before-break H3DT-A2 timer relay][8] and [DILM150-XHI11 auxiliary][9] its NC terminals on the contactor. Thus after switching, the only power consumed is by the contactor (2.4W) and the H3DT-A2 timer relay (0.6W). Start is issued by making an external relay. In this case the relay of a solar DC to AC inverter.
### Safety warnings
1. To operate safely the schematic requires an overheating protection device for the resistor. In case the timer relay fails to actuate the contactor, all transformer standby consumption current flows via the resistor and the resistor will get very hot quickly (example standby consumption of the 80 kVA transformer is 0.24kW where the resistor is only rated for .05kW).
2. Apply Nomex/Insultherm or equivalent fiberglass insulation sleeving to the 4 wires on the primary side between contactor and cable protection devices. Those cables would otherwise be unprotected.
[![Phase delay energization schematic for inrush current reduction, with reduced energy consumption while standby][10]][10]
### DIN rail with phase delay modules
[![DIN rail with DILMP125(RAC240) contactor with DILM150-XHI11, Eaton LPC25, more circuit breakers, Iskra IKA232-20, Dobry Czas MTR17-TAB-U240-208, Omron H3DT-A, Dobry Czas MMR17-S3A-A230- 105, Arcol NHS50 resistors][11]][11]
[![DIN rail with DILMP125(RAC240) contactor with DILM150-XHI11, Eaton LPC25, more circuit breakers, Iskra IKA232-20, Dobry Czas MTR17-TAB-U240-208, Omron H3DT-A, Dobry Czas MMR17-S3A-A230- 105, Arcol NHS50 resistors and 80 kVA transformer in the back][12]][12]
[1]: https://bre-trafo.de/en/products/three-phase-transformers/bdva-three-phase-power-transformers/
[2]: http://dobry-czas.pl/en/dual-function-time-relay-mtr17-tab-u240-116/
[3]: https://www.iskra.eu/f/docs/61693/Installation_contactors_ver3.0.pdf
[4]: https://datasheet.eaton.com/datasheet.php?model=109905&locale=en_GB&_lt=
[5]: https://industrial.omron.eu/en/products/H3DT-A2-24-240VAC-DC
[6]: http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~apic/papers/Power_Quality/PQ-InrushReductionP2.pdf
[7]: http://www.arcolresistors.com/resistors/hs50-aluminium-housed-resistor/
[8]: http://www.ia.omron.com/products/family/3487/lineup.html
[9]: https://datasheet.eaton.com/datasheet.php?model=277946&locale=en_GB&_lt=
[10]: https://i.sstatic.net/Hrc74.jpg
[11]: https://i.sstatic.net/rjd7w.jpg
[12]: https://i.sstatic.net/oUJGx.jpg