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If the devices share a common power supply or possibly even a common earth wire with the Arduino then the sudden current surges as they switch on or off could be causing the problem. … I suggest, as a test, you try isolating the Arduino from the rest of the devices with a separate supply (battery?) …

The most likely is a poor ground connection between those shown in your circuit and that of the Arduino. … Similarly the Arduino is powered from the common battery. Try feeding it directly from the battery terminal via a separate wire rather than sharing a feed at any point. …

Ignoring for the moment that CTRL2 can vary, the circuit is a constant current driver. Feedback from the sensing resistor, R6, is inverted by the opamp and this in turn drives Q2 in such a way as to k …

Run a wire from the 12V supply to the Arduino Vin Pin 8 Power strip area. This is by far the easiest way. … There is a lot more data out there in various Arduino specialist forums and probably the SE Arduino site. All you need to do is google for it. …

It is usually recommended that you feed the power to the middle of long strips of LEDs. Or even to more than one point (for example both ends and the middle) in order to minimise the voltage drop alon …

Have you considered better amplification between the Arduino and the LED, using higher gain transistors or an extra stage? Is the optocoupler necessary? … And this assumes that the output of the Arduino goes all the way to Vcc (5V). So why are you using an emitter follower configuration to drive the IRF1405? …

Therefore I suggest you generate the required 5V locally at each module derived from a raw 9V supply derived from the Arduino. … I assume you have sufficient decoupling at each module that any transient will not affect the sensitive circuits or feed back to the Arduino. …