Ancillary circuitry that protects the main circuitry in case of a fault. Examples of faults protected against are: overvoltage, ESD, overheating, and overloading (too high of a current draw). In some cases the protection circuitry is sacrificial, being destroyed or degraded in the act of protecting.

Recommended reading:
How to protect low-speed interfaces and power supply circuits by Littelfuse (2021)