# Tag Info

21

As others have pointed out, mathematically the statements are exactly the same, and the additional term is "redundant". It would also be "redundant" for me to copy their mathematical proofs here. You can also easily verify the statements are equivalent by making a 8 row truth table for the three inputs combinations. A B C A*B + A'*C ...

19

Many ages ago not long after the first caveman whittled a piece of silicon into a transistor, they learned how to make a bunch of transistors on the same hunk of silicon. This led to all kinds of things that we consider as always having been around, like the 741 opamp, 7805 regulator, and 2N2222 transistor. Yes, these things actually had beginnings. They ...

14

There's always some propagation delay through the flip-flop. It's often called "clock-to-Q" delay. That means your inputs are captured on the edge, and you outputs change on the same edge, but just a few nanoseconds later. This few nanoseconds delay is enough (if your flip-flops are designed with "zero hold time" as they are in most FPGAs) that the changes ...

14

Thanks for everyone's help. I believe Bruce Abbott has given the correct answer. I'm posting from my bed and I cannot test it yet until tomorrow, but The analysis below is confirmed, when he mentioned the word "refresh", I think the problem is already solved. I knew how Z80 refreshes the memory, but completely forgot about it in the previous days. ...

12

WaveDrom is a free and open source online digital timing diagram rendering engine that uses JavaScript, HTML5 and SVG to convert WaveJSON input text description into SVG vector graphics.

12

Deeper interpretation: The PLL is actually producing clock cycles during that whole time. The problem is that until it achieves "lock", the clock cycles may at times be too short to allow the CPU to operate correctly, as the VCO control voltage swings both above and below the target value before settling down. So what this specification is really telling ...

9

Proof by Boolean algebra: A x B + A' x C [Left-hand side] = A x B x 1 + A' x C x 1 [Unsimplify AND with true] = A x B x (1 + C) + A' x C x (1 + B) [True OR anything] = A x B x 1 + A x B x C + A' x 1 x C + A' x B x C [Distribute] = A x B + A x B x C + A' x C + A' x B x C [Simplify AND with true] = A x B + A' x C + A x B x C + A' x B x C [Rearrange terms] = A ...

9

I assume your question relates to parallel EEPROMs. The Write pulse (time) is a minimum specification and typically has no upper bound. In other words the time specified limits the speed of writing (bits/bytes/words per second), but the chips will operate at any lower write rate. For example here is the datasheet for the 26C64 write timing: Notice there ...

8

Consider the LHS by itself: A x B + A' x C If both B and C are true in this statement, does the condition of A make any difference to the result? No - because either (A x B) or (A' x C) will be true, producing a result of true. So now looking at the RHS, the first 2 AND terms are simply a duplicate of the LHS, and the 3rd AND term represents what we ...

8

Ensure that you have adequate decoupling capacitors on all your ICs. A 100nF ceramic from power to ground on each IC keeping its leads as short as possible and a low ESR electrolytic say 100uF on the breadboard across the power rails.

7

555 timers are used for timing.. i can save you the effort of typing and direct you to a good page with some examples to try out. doctronics 555 timer page

7

The voltage across a capacitance $C$ at time $t$, which was initially at voltage $V_0$, which is discharging through a resistance $R$, is given by: $$V(t) = V_0 e^{\frac{-t}{RC}}$$ Charging a capacitor with a battery of voltage $V_b$ through a series resistor is similar: $$V(t) = V_b(1-e^{\frac{-t}{RC}})$$ From these equations, you can see ...

7

It takes a lot of LUTs to build a large mux. For example, if you have 6-input LUTs, you can do a 4:1 mux in one LUT, but it takes 11 LUTs to do a 1-bit 32:1 mux. Your counter is getting replicated (as counter_reg) so that the fanout on any given bit is not excessive. (Although I'm not really sure where the 1024 comes from.) Since you don't really need "...

7

There are several advantages to this methodology that I can think of: Clock Network - Firstly you only have one clock rather than three. This means that there is less competition for global and local clock routing resources. There are usually only a small number of low-skew clock trees, so minimising usage requirements can help routing. ALM Restrictions - ...

7

Imagine you drive something in a PUSH-PULL configuration; then, PWMH can drive the high-side switch, whereas PWML drives the low side switch. Many of these PWM controllers even have a dead-time functionality to guarantee that both switches aren't on simultaneously

7

Looks like a bug to me. I reproduced it on my 1054z using an Arduino with an LED blinking program. This is the signal with 12M memory depth acquired at 500ms timescale, and then expanded at 200 ms scale. The 'beat' is 1000 ms long. (Ok, technically it's 900ms long plus the overhead, but if I add the first part of the next train I get a nice 1000 ms sequence ...

6

An inexpensive method of measuring rise and fall time limitations of an arbitrary waveform, is to start with a square wave of a moderate frequency, and then systematically increase the frequency while keeping duty cycle constant at 50%. The average intensity of emitted light is easily measured, even by using something as basic as a CdS light-dependent ...

6

Why is the resistor voltage initially equal to supply voltage? Is it because there is no voltage going across the capacitor yet? Therefore, as there is no voltage drop across the capacitor, all the voltage from the battery is across the resistor? Sum of voltages on the passive elements must add up to the supply voltage.  V_{supply}(t) = V_{switch}(t) + ...

6

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab A CMOS schmitt trigger 40106 or 4093 (check the numbers) would work for this. Pick a reasonable value for C1 - 10uF, say. Calculate R so that R * C = 5 s. When the input goes high C1 will charge up. At about 2/3 of supply voltage NOT1 output will switch low and NOT2 will switch high. Q1 will ...

6

Firstly, a real time clock is not what you want. A real time clock is designed to give you the current time, as in year, month, day, hour, minute, second etc. It usually has a battery, so it can keep track of time when the device is switched off, and will be much more complicated than a basic timing device. You want to measure relative time, not absolute ...

6

First, the current sensors. You don't even need to tap into the wires - a properly chosen coil placed next to a "live" mains wire (say, taped to the supply cable) with AC will have current induced in it if considerable (typical for running appliances) current flows through the wire. The values are well within readout range of common ADC inputs, making ...

6

There are complete schematics for the IBM PC/XT in the IBM Personal Computer XT technical reference manual (Appendix D), which you may be able to find on line. The problem here is that, given a strobe line which is activated upon a memory read or write, you wish to generate RAS, CAS and a control line (call it MUX) for the address multiplexer. For ...

6

Inside the SDRAM chip, the actual CAS latency requirement is a combinatorial time delay, independent of the external interface's clock period. It may help to think of it as an old-fashioned asynchronous DRAM chip "wrapped" in a synchronous interface. Since the bus master (CPU) can choose the interface clock speed, it makes sense to also allow it to ...

6

Here's a good clue: - And, if you look at the value for $t_4$ it is quoted here: - So, a new data bit is available between 0 and 40 ns of the falling edge of SCLK. This means you can't rely on the falling edge of SCLK to read valid data. Of course, if you look at $t_7$ it tells you that current data is valid for maybe 7 ns should you attempt to read it ...

5

Interrupts are your friend for timing sensitive tasks, but only if you put the timing critical aspects into the interrupt, and there are no other interrupts happening that have a higher priority. The microcontrollers on the "AVR-based" Arduino (e.g. the ATmega328P) have fixed interrupt priorities as detailed on page 58ff of the datasheet. So if you used ...

5

This is more of an "extended comment" than an answer, but let me start by saying no, I don't think you can debug this issue with such a limited set of test equipment. A person who has had a lot of experience doing these designs might be able to get some clues about what's going wrong using them, but I get the impression that you're not such a person. For ...

5

The start bit servers two purposes, to indicate a new character is being sent and to provide a timing reference for that character. To explain why the UART protocol is what it is, let's start with a simple scheme, see why that doesn't work, then see how to modify it to make it work. You can start out trying to send data using a single signal by simply ...

5

EDID is used, among other things, to query the monitor for the timings it would like. It isn't used to transmit any video information. I guess it's been so long that no one remembers, but VGA monitors back in the day had adjustments for the image location on the CRT. You could move it left or right, up or down, or scale it horizontally or vertically. More ...

5

Actually the CS timing is not very important -- you usually assert the CS line (bring it low) at the beginning of a bunch of transfers, and then de-assert it (bring it high) at the end. What is more important is the relationship between the clock (SCK) and the data (SI/SO). Here is a typical timing diagram for an SPI peripheral, in this case a 2AA1024 1 ...

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