On the Arduino Uno (example that uses the ATmega328), data can be sent to and from the device via the UART. Example code:
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
String getString = Serial.readString();
Serial.println(getString);
}
else {Serial.println("HELLO");}
delay(2000);
}
Will look for incoming serial data, and print it back to the serial connection, otherwise printing simply hello. This code can be modified to accept different variable types, and still print them out to the serial connection.
Also, it is possible to use other I/O ports to simulate a UART connection, using compiled code libraries (one exists on Arduino's site), which should be more than adequate with a low baud rate.