This sounds as if the conversion clock is used for each bit of the conversion.
It appears that 12 clock cycles are required for an 8 bit conversion and 14 clock cycles for a 10 bit conversion.
This means that the conversion needs 1 clock per conversion bit plus an overhead (for sample time and register setup perhaps) of 4 clock cycles.
If you identify thrthe ADC I could be more specific.
Update: Useful link
There is an excellent application note from Freescale on this module, which is used in a number of their microcontrollers. You will find the relevant formula for this successive approximation device on page 11. The minimum time for a conversion is attained when the minimum possible number of sample clocks is specified.
Table 2 has more details of how the timings are broken down.
HTH