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I2C is a communication protocol for within a PCB assembly. It is not a protocol to be used over cables.

"I2C ..., is a synchronous, multi-master/multi-slave (controller/target), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus... It is widely used for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontrollers in short-distance, intra-board communication." Source

Can the use of abnormally long I2C cable damage the electronic card

Yes. Due to the wires acting as antennas picking up 50 Hz and high-frequency noise.

What is the most probable cause of these data losses?

Interference and badly misshapen waveshapes.

I2C is a communication protocol designed for communications within a PCB assembly. It was not designed to be used over long cables*.

"I2C ..., is a synchronous, multi-master/multi-slave (controller/target), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus... It is widely used for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontrollers in short-distance, intra-board communication." Source

Can the use of abnormally long I2C cable damage the electronic card

Yes. Due to the wires acting as antennas picking up 50 Hz and high-frequency noise.

What is the most probable cause of these data losses?

Interference and badly misshapen waveshapes.

(*) Despite that, it has been included in some carefully designed cable interfaces.

I2C is a communication protocol for within a PCB assembly. It is not a protocol to be used over cables.

"I2C ..., is a synchronous, multi-master/multi-slave (controller/target), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus... for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontrollers in short-distance, intra-board communication." Source

Can the use of abnormally long I2C cable damage the electronic card

Yes. Due to the wires acting as antennas picking up 50 Hz and high-frequency noise.

What is the most probable cause of these data losses?

Interference and badly misshapen waveshapes.

I2C is a communication protocol for within a PCB assembly. It is not a protocol to be used over cables.

"I2C ..., is a synchronous, multi-master/multi-slave (controller/target), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus... It is widely used for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontrollers in short-distance, intra-board communication." Source

Can the use of abnormally long I2C cable damage the electronic card

Yes. Due to the wires acting as antennas picking up 50 Hz and high-frequency noise.

What is the most probable cause of these data losses?

Interference and badly misshapen waveshapes.

I2C is a communication protocol for within a PCB assembly. It is not a protocol to be used over cables. You are abusing I2C for a purpose it was not designed for.

"I2C ..., is a synchronous, multi-master/multi-slave (controller/target), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus... for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontrollers in short-distance, intra-board communication." Source

Can the use of abnormally long I2C cable damage the electronic card

Yes. Due to the wires acting as antennas picking up 50 Hz and high-frequency noise.

What is the most probable cause of these data losses?

Interference and badly misshapen waveshapes.

I2C is a communication protocol for within a PCB assembly. It is not a protocol to be used over cables.

"I2C ..., is a synchronous, multi-master/multi-slave (controller/target), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus... for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontrollers in short-distance, intra-board communication." Source

Can the use of abnormally long I2C cable damage the electronic card

Yes. Due to the wires acting as antennas picking up 50 Hz and high-frequency noise.

What is the most probable cause of these data losses?

Interference and badly misshapen waveshapes.