To me, the message you're getting from avrdude may be a sign that your MCU is no longer working. You may have burned it. What were you doing that started the problem? In any case, see below how I try and diagnose that kind of problem.
Normally the bootloader for Arduino Uno and similar boards have a heartbeat feature to tell the users it's alive: it's three quick blinks on the LED attached to pin 13, right after boot.
When installed in your Uno board, does your AtMega328P do that heartbeat after boot? If not, did it use to do the heartbeat before and then suddenly it stopped doing it? If so, that (and the message you're getting from avrdude) are signs that your MCU is no longer funcioning properly.
If it continues to do the heartbeat, then you are experiencing some other problem, probably communication or IDE configuration. What I usually try next is to burn the bootloader again. If the MCU is ok, it will happily take the bootloader. This way, you also make sure the right bootloader is in place.