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An LED is a light-emitting diode. Lighting an LED is considered the "Hello world" of a circuit design, and it can be as simple as using a series resistor, or it can get more complicated, involving PWM and multiplexing.
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Doesn't using resistors serial to LEDs all the time waste a lot of energy?
A typical red LED has a forward voltage drop of 1.8 V, and a maximum continuous current of around 20 mA.
Now what's our voltage? Lets say we want to use a 3 V source. … That is not really a lot of power, although it is a significant fraction of power consumption of the LED. The LED itself uses 1.8V * 20mA = 36 mW. …