Assume the following, generic, configuration in which two digital circuits are interconnected but have independent power supplies (e.g. two redundant microcontrollers).

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

Now, what happens if V1 is ON but V2 is OFF (or vice versa)? I generally protect against this scenario by inserting resistors on the lines such that the short circuit current is below the max sink current of the pins.

1. Is that necessary (perhaps something to look for in the datasheets?)? What would happen to the transistor level if no protection was included? Generally, enhancement mode MOSFETs are used, which means all switches are OFF (open) when no voltage is present, therefore I do not understand why there could be an issue.
2. Are there other means of protection? Those resistors prevent me from running communication lines at high frequency because of the time constant with the input capacitance.

This must be a question that has already been addressed but I can't seem to find any on SE.

Assume the following, generic, configuration in which two digital circuits are interconnected but have independent power supplies (e.g. two redundant microcontrollers).

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

Now, what happens if V1 is ON but V2 is OFF (or vice versa)? I generally protect against this scenario by inserting resistors on the lines such that the short circuit current is below the max sink current of the pins.

1. Is that necessary (perhaps something to look for in the datasheets?)? What would happen to the transistor level if no protection was included? Generally, enhancement mode MOSFETs are used, which means all switches are OFF (open) when no voltage is present, therefore I do not understand why there could be an issue.
2. Are there other means of protection? Those resistors prevent me from running communication lines at high frequency because of the time constant with the input capacitance.

This must be a question that has already been addressed but I can't seem to find any on SE.

Note that this question is only about protecting against unlikely or short events - both supplies will be ON for nominal operation.

Assume the following, generic, configuration in which two digital circuits are interconnected but have independent power supplies (e.g. two redundant microcontrollers).

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

Now, what happens if V1 is ON but V2 is OFF (or vice versa)? I generally protect against this scenario by inserting resistors on the lines such that the short circuit current is below the max sink current of the pins.

1. Is that necessary? What would happen to the transistor level if no protection was included? Generally, enhancement mode MOSFETs are used, which means all switches are OFF (open) when no voltage is present, therefore I do not understand why there would be an issue.
2. Are there other means of protection? Those resistors prevent me from running communication lines at high frequency because of the time constant with the input capacitance.

This must be a question that has already been addressed but I can't seem to find any on SE.

Assume the following, generic, configuration in which two digital circuits are interconnected but have independent power supplies (e.g. two redundant microcontrollers).

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

Now, what happens if V1 is ON but V2 is OFF (or vice versa)? I generally protect against this scenario by inserting resistors on the lines such that the short circuit current is below the max sink current of the pins.

1. Is that necessary (perhaps something to look for in the datasheets?)? What would happen to the transistor level if no protection was included? Generally, enhancement mode MOSFETs are used, which means all switches are OFF (open) when no voltage is present, therefore I do not understand why there could be an issue.
2. Are there other means of protection? Those resistors prevent me from running communication lines at high frequency because of the time constant with the input capacitance.

This must be a question that has already been addressed but I can't seem to find any on SE.