I'm having trouble knowing when is the cathode negative or positive and vice verse ( I'm not talking about the symbol ) I'm saying, when do the polarities change? For example, look at these 2 pictures
That highlited diode oddly has a positive cathode, but normally the cathode is the one supposed to be negative, so I don't know when to decide the polarity of each diode.
In the following picture, what determines the polarity of the diodes and how can I understand it?