# Control Systems - State equations

I'm starting to learn about the state-space representation and i'm facing some difficulties. Suppose we have a system with connected blocks, like the one below:

where

Sometimes we want to choose variables that have physical meaning as the state equations. Suppose that these physical variables are the output of the second order block, the derivative of this output and also the output of the first order block. But by writing the time-domain equation of the transfer function of the second order block, we see that a derivative of the input will appear. Since we cant have an input derivative in a state equation, it makes me believe that I cant choose those variables, since:

If we took this block as an entire system, we couldn't do much more. But in an interconnected system, like the one above, is there a way i can relate the state equations of the other blocks so i can represent the second order block with those variables? For instance, we see that the derivative of the second order block input is equal to the derivative of the output of the first order one, since they differ by a constant, and also the output of the second order one is related with the input of the first order block. So is there a way i can represent the second block with those variables considering the interconnection?

Thank you.

It seems like the issue you're having trouble with is how to incorporate transfer function zeroes into a state space model. Once you can do that, the rest of your question might become easier.

I think the presentation in Dorf and Bishop on this matter is pretty clever. Let's take your second-order subsystem $G(s) = \frac{Y(s)}{U(s)} = \frac{s+4}{3s^2+5s+6}$ as our working example.

Inject a factor of unity into this expression and you get

$$\frac{Y(s)}{U(s)} = \frac{s+4}{3s^2+5s+6} \frac{Z(s)}{Z(s)}.$$

If all the fractions are fully reduced, we can match the numerators $$Y(s) = (s+4)Z(s)$$ and match denominators $$U(s) = (3s^2+5s+6)Z(s).$$

The inverse Laplace transforms of these equations suggest the following time-domain differential equation relationships

$$y(t) = z^\prime(t) +4z(t)$$ and $$u(t) = 3z^{\prime\prime}(t) +5z^\prime(t) +6z(t).$$

We have at most two derivatives of this weird $z(t)$ function, so let's climb the ladder when defining our state in terms of $z(t)$: $$x_1 = z \\ x_2 = z^\prime.$$

Can you deduce the A, B, C, and D matrices from here?

• Thank you for your reply, It's a clever and simple method, indeed, thank you for showing me that. But i wanted to use $$x_1=y$$ and $$x_2=y'$$ as state equations, for they are supposed to be physical quantities. I know it doesn't make any difference from a dynamics point of view, but it's more convenient to express them in terms of measurable quantities. Am I unable to do that because of that zero? – Edson Mar 30 '18 at 22:33
• as state variables* (just correcting my reply) – Edson Mar 30 '18 at 22:41
• That's right, I don't see a way to use the quantities you want as state variables (with a minimal realization). – HermitianCrustacean Mar 31 '18 at 1:40