Photo #1
Photo #2
Photo #3 - A zoom of Photo #1
Photo #4 - A zoom of Photo #2
I shot these photos while travelling in a highway. In each line-group has three separate lines. I think that the three lines in each group carry the same electrical potential (if not, could they be so close to each other?).
Why are the three lines in each group isolated from each other?
Is there an electrical reason for this?
Why are the three lines in each group isolated from each other?
Is there an electrical reason for this?
Impedance, power factor, corona discharge and resistive loss effects are improved by spacing a number of conductors apart to form a larger effective single conductor.
The combination of multiple wires in this manner is usually termed a "bundle".
Bundle conductors are used to reduce corona losses and audible noise.
Bundle conductors consist of several conductor cables connected by non-conducting spacers*.
For 220 kV lines, two-conductor bundles are usually used,
for 380 kV lines usually three or even four.
American Electric Power[4] is building 765 kV lines using six conductors per phase in a bundle.
Spacers must resist the forces due to wind, and magnetic forces during a short-circuit.
Bundle conductors are used to increase the amount of current that may be carried in a line.
Due to the skin effect, ampacity of conductors is not proportional to cross section, for the larger sizes.
Therefore, bundle conductors may carry more current for a given weight.
A bundle conductor results in lower reactance, compared to a single conductor. It reduces corona discharge loss at extra high voltage (EHV) and interference with communication systems.
It also reduces voltage gradient in that range of voltage.
As a disadvantage, the bundle conductors have higher wind loading.
* Insulated / non-insulated spacers: Note that the above reference says "non conducting spacers". In fact, some are and some aren't. There is no obvious gain from insulating between wires although, a conducting spacer will probably carry some current with the potential for additional losses at the clamping joints. While the potential in all wires in a bundle is nominally identical, the magnitude of the fields produced and the imbalances due to line-line, line-ground and line-tower mean there will be some differences in voltage - probably small but more than may be intuitively obvious. Many spacers use elastomer bushes at the wire support points - aimed primarily at providing damping of Aeolian oscillations in the wires. As differences in voltage are low then these bushes may provide functional insulation.
Summary of their comments:
Bundled conductors are primarily employed to reduce the corona loss and radio interference. However they have several advantages:
Bundled conductors per phase reduces the voltage gradient in the vicinity of the line. Thus reduces the possibility of the corona discharge.
Improvement in the transmission efficiency as loss due to corona effect is countered. Bundled conductor lines will have higher capacitance to neutral in comparison with single lines. Thus they will have higher charging currents which helps in improving the power factor.
Bundled conductor lines will have higher capacitance and lower inductance than ordinary lines they will have higher Surge Impedance Loading (Z=(L/C)1/2). Higher Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) will have higher maximum power transfer ability.
With increase in self GMD or GMR inductance per phase will be reduced compared to single conductor line. This results in lesser reactance per phase compared to ordinary single line. Hence lesser loss due to reactance drop.
An extreme case: {From here}
Nice calculation toy. Power_lineparam here including effects of bundles.
3:
Actually, they are connected to each other. The purpose of the thing in photo 4 is to maintain the desired mechanical spacing between the lines, not to insulate.
The reason for 3 lines together is for higher current capacity and to decrease corona losses.
You could make the cable thicker to get higher current capacity, but due to the skin effect you get returns relative to the square root of the amount of metal used, not linear with the amount of metal. Thick cables are also difficult to handle. Three smaller cables have less skin effect relative to the amount of metal used.
The other reason is to avoid high electric field strength in the air. Think of a single thin cable at high voltage. The electric field strength immediately around the cable would be very high. This goes down with the diameter of the cable. The three cables held at the right mechanical separation (hence the spacer in photo 4) look like one very thick cable to the outside for electric field purpose. The reason to keep the electric field down is that the air will break down at some field strength. This causes it to conduct a little and ionize, which takes energy, which is a loss from the point of view of trying to transmit energy from one place to another. Sometimes you can hear power lines crackle, especially at high humidity. That is due to a little bit of this happening. Some losses are acceptable since they cost less overall than a more expensive structure to avoid them. Electric companies juggle these tradeoffs very carefully since there is a lot of money at stake.
AC current shows skin effect, where there's more current towards the surface of a conductor. The higher the frequency the thinner the layer that carries the current. Though it even exists at 50 or 60 Hz. For the same cross section 3 conductors have a \$\sqrt{3}\$ times larger surface.
Another reason is probably mechanical. I guess they also serve to protect the cables from hitting each other due to wind gusts.
They have the same voltage.
This discussion takes me back to EE antenna theory in college and discussion of A/C conductor "skin effect". If you look at photos of wire antennas back in the early age of wireless you will often see them made up of "bundles" as well, which served to lower the "Q" of the antenna and increase its bandwidth (seeing as how spark gap transmitters preferred to use as much of the electromagnetic spectrum as possible - think arc welders).
