Datasheet said it's a over current protected. How does it work?
When the input current is within the limits of the op-amp's output sink or source capabilities, the inverting input becomes a virtual ground. This means that the op-amp is successfully holding the inverting input (via the feedback resistor) at 0 volts (the same voltage as the no-inverting input).
This is a useful configuration for a current to voltage converter because the back-to-back diodes play no role and do not conduct.
However, when the input current goes beyond what the op-amp output can sink or source, the virtual ground is lost and, the inverting input may rise to a voltage that can damage the op-amp. Hence, adding back-to-back diodes prevents this from happening (providing the diodes don't get damaged by excessive overload current).