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The spark is caused by your battery charging the output capacitor on your power supply, which is zero volt when you start and have very low impedance so the current consumption from the battery is hug …

You need a minimum load for them to regulate. Add a resistor to give 100 uA of load and the situation should improve.

Instantaneous increase in current with lower input voltage is only possible with power electronics with regulation. For example a TV will adjust the duty cycle of the SMPS to keep all DC rail voltage …

If the blocking voltage is low enough to allow you to use Schottky diodes, use them. If you need higher blocking voltage, i.e. silicon diodes, you need to add resistors in each branch to avoid thermal …

+1 on what Andy said. Not what you asked, but what you need is a bog standard low side N-FET PWM driver. simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab Such a device is most likley avai …

No, you will seriously unbalance them when you charge and discharge your pack. Find another solution, using either all three in series with BMS or all three in parallel.

Here is how I would do it, using a very low voltage boost regulator to pump up a 5 V rail to allow a bog-standard boost controller and external MOSFET to do the heavy lifting. For generating 5 V, MAX1 …

If you can accept inverted logic into your PLC, this would do it: simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab If you can't have inverted logic, use two: simulate this circuit You …

A starting point would be 20 % magnetizing current of your full rated load, in this case 2 VA. At 230 V, that’s 8.6 mA. Z = 2*Pi*L*f. Solve for L. If the transformer would have been 2 kW, about 5 % wo …

You need to do several things to make the PFC feedback loop shape your input current to follow the input voltage: Slow enough output voltage feedback, about 7 Hz (your outer loop). If it's too fast, …

That's difficult to answer in general since it comes down to how it's used, mainly soft versus hard switching but for a simplified hard switching topology, you want to limit the switching losses to so …

Yes, it’s possible. You need to provide base drive above your supply voltage in order to not make an emitter follower and at this point you might as well use a MOSFET instead. If your supply voltage i …

It will adjust automatically, hence voltage regulator. If you take a look under the hood, there is a feedback mechanism which measures the output voltage, compares with an (internal) voltage reference …

Here is a really quick and dirty simulation for you. Several downsides: no filters what so ever and would not transfer the same amount of power. Just the top switch waveform difference.

Yes, that's the basic effect of the ESR (equivalent series resistance) and the capacitance of the cell. If you use any free circuit simulator and play around with reasonable values of R and C, you wi …