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A transistor is a semiconductor device that can amplify signals and switch power. The types that are used most are BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), UJT (Unijunction Transistor), and MOSFET (FET, for Field Effect Transistor).

1 vote
Accepted

lower current than expected through simple circuit powering laser diode

Did you check the power supply from which you power the LASER branch? Summing all the voltage drops in that branch gives 0.02V + 4V + 12mA × 49Ω = 4.6V, which are not the 5V you should have. It seem …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
1 vote

On interpreting this set of curves (Transistor in Saturation mode and decrease of \$h_{FE}\$)

"We know that \$I_C = \beta I_B \$"... Wrong assumption! That relation is valid only in the active region, i.e. when the transistor acts as a linear current amplifier. When a BJT enters saturation …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
4 votes

NPN BJT linear region operation

Simon Fitch (especially) and others already explained why you don't get the results you are expecting (the BJT is nearly saturated and β is not what you expect to be). However, I'd like to focus on a …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
8 votes

What do the arrows in transistor symbols point to (and from)?

In short, the arrows show the current direction of a PN junction when forward biased. In BJTs the PN junction is the base-emitter one. In JFETs it is the one between gate and channel. In MOSFETs it …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
6 votes

Is this transistor datasheet correct?

Usually the columns min/typical/max on datasheet refer to the spread of the mentioned parameter among a manufacturing batch. This means that, for example, Vceo is guaranteed to be at least 45V for any …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
3 votes

What are the alternatives of the transistor 2sc9013?

It seems that the 2SC9013: is just the same part as the Fairchild SS9013: The first datasheet also has the same typo (potable→portable)!!! So you can use the SS9013 not only in your E …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
6 votes
Accepted

What is the meaning (definition) of "current-starving"?

Excerpt: Another way to control the delay of an inverter is to add two extra transistors as shown in Fig.4.15a. This technique is also known as current starving. … This allows tuning out any differences in resistance between the nMOS and pMOS transistors as well. …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
2 votes

2N3055 Power Supply

In this case the 7812 is used as just the voltage reference for the 2N3055 pass transistor. If you see the pass transistor as an emitter follower amplifier (where the load is not shown), you see that …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
2 votes

Using transistors with different threshold voltages

Two transistors is only 6 pins. Two comparators (1 lm319) is 16 pins. … If you really need you can use transistors as comparators, but not relying on their characteristics, but on a particular circuit topology. …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
1 vote

High current dual power supply

Note that this works whether or not those two current-enhancing transistors (2N2905, TIP73) are present or not. …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
7 votes
Accepted

Why do we use a common collector on a linear regulator?

Besides the excellent answer by Neil_UK, I'll add another point of view. The differential amplifier (a.k.a. the error amplifier) is the stage that provides the "signal processing" needed to keep the …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
2 votes

Depletion P-channel JFET that's saturated at \$V_{GS}=0V\$

From your question I suspect you are missing something about JFETs structure or operation. JFETs are implicitly depletion-mode devices, i.e. there are no "enhancement" JFETs. At \$V_{GS}=0V\$ any JF …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
2 votes
Accepted

Transistors absolute maximum values

I need to know the effect of exceeding the each absolute maximum and whether these are salvageable. Exceeding absolute maximum ratings is always bad, that's why they are called absolute. And al …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
2 votes

How to calculate actual hfe for low voltage source?

Any design that requires the exact value of the \$h_{FE}\$ of a BJT is a faulty design, since that parameter is subject to wild production spread. Since in your case you only need the \$h_{FE}\$ to ca …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar
1 vote

How to turn on LED with only a cathode pin

Read carefully the datasheet. The info you are looking for is there. Therefore the two decimal point LEDs are connected between pin 1 (LED supply, common for both) and the two cathode pins (4 and …
LorenzoDonati4Ukraine-OnStrike's user avatar

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