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You should not be surprised that they use different voltages and frequencies, you should be surprised that there are only two big voltage/frequency standards. When electricity was first introduced ea …

There are two problems with your idea. One practical, and one fundamental. The practical problem is that per amount of stored energy capacitors are more expensive than inductors, and on top of that t …

An Arduino Uno can be powered by a stable (regulated) 5V DC, which you can either supply via the USB power lines, or via the shield connectors, or an unregulated 6-20 V DC (7-12V recommended), which …

Sadly, this seems to be common: USB cables that carry only power. To my knowledge that is not according to any USB spec. And it is quite frustrating because such a cable has no marking to distinguish …

Damage by undervoltage is not as common as by overvoltage, but it is not unheard of. An example: a simple circuit that has a power mosfet driving a motor. The intention is that the mosfet is either …

I nearly always put such a 'fools diode' in my circuit, even when I am breadboarding. Reverse power will kill most of the chips I use. Over-current protection is a function for the power supply, not f …

If you really want to make this 'kid proof' (I have more experience with 'student proof', that might be a slightly weaker test) you should limit the voltage AND CURRENT delivered by the power source, …

If it is not consumed it does not need to be produced, which saves on whatever is consumed to produce it. This of course works only if the production level can be changed rapidly, hence the electricit …

As others have stated, the datasheet is indeed the LAW, but only the part that show the operating conditions. You are justified in distrusting broad claims in the text part of the datasheet, especiall …

You don't mention what kind of unit you have, especially what kind of power supply circuit it has. You need to know what current it draws at those two voltages. You did not tell us, so for all we know …

Your valve is rated for ~ 500 mA. A BS170 is rated for 500 mA too, but that is the sales-pitch figure. I would use a (much) higher rated FET here, 500mA through a TO92 makes me nervous. And you have a …

If the two sides of the opto-isolation share ground and/or +5V power, the effect of the opto-isolation is completely negated. I can not judge whether this is safe or not, but judging from the fact t …

Like many 'output' devices, a coil for producing a magnetic field has a (DC) impedance. This impdance, in combination, with the applied voltage, determines the current, and current and voltage determi …

Electrolytic capacitors have a very large value tolerance, -30/+50 % is not uncommon, so your small in crease in capacity is unlikely to cause a problem. And you have matched the temperature rating to …

Your approach (10V and 2 Ohm series resistor) works (only) for a circuit that draws a constant current of 2.5A at 5V. When the circuit draws more or less current it will see a voltage different from …