Effect of switch rise time on an LR circuit transient response

Question

Below is an RL circuit and transient response plots of the inductor voltage V(vl) and current I(L1). V1 = V(n001) is the voltage applied to the circuit at time 0.1sec. (I set all series and parallel resistances and capacitors of source and inductor to zero for simulating a pure RL circuit)

What is happening above is that, the moment the switch is ON the inductor immediately opposes the current change and inductor voltage at that moment jumps to the voltage of V1. And current starts from zero so at t=0.1 I = V1 - VL = 0. These can be seen in the above plots.

But now when I change the values of the inductor and the resistor as in the circuit below things do not follow the same logic:

As you see the inductor current again starts from zero at time t=0.1sec; which means the inductor voltage should again be equal to the source voltage V1 at time t=0.1sec. But the inductor voltage is VL 200mV in the above plot which confused me.

When I reduced the rise time of the rising edge of the switch the VL became equal to V1 again which is 1V. I think texts consider duration of the switching action is in infinitesimal amount of time.

Does the transient theory considers rising edges almost 0 seconds? And what is the relation between the rising edge of the switching and the initial inductor voltage here?

In other words how can the rising edge effect on the inductor voltage can be explained or formulated here?

EDIT:

Solving this with Laplace and plotting in MATLAB gave the same results.

Here is what I did in MATLAB:

(Got help from the math guys here for V(s))

clear all;
clc;
syms s t

R=10;%resistance
L=10*10^-6;%inductance

a=1;%final voltage 1V
t1=0.0005;%rising time for the switch
m=1/t1;%slope of the rising edge

V = (-m*t1*exp(-s.*t1))./s + m*(1-exp(-s.*t1))./s.^2 + a*exp(-s.*t1)./s;%V(s) switch voltage
I = V./(R+s.*L);%current in s domain
VL=V-I.*R;

y= ilaplace(VL,t);%inverse Laplace

ezplot(y,[0,0.0004])
ylabel('Voltage [V]')
xlabel('time [sec]')

grid on;

Both in LTspice and MATLAB I set the rising time as 0.0005 sec.

Here are the plots from both LTspice and then MATLAB:

It seems like results agree. So it seems LTspice does not calculate anything wrong here. Its just if the rising edge is slow thats what expected.

Do you agree?

Answer 1

But the inductor voltage is VL 200mV in the above plot which confused me

The timing of the event is a hundred thousand times quicker in the 2nd scenario so you need to home in on that much smaller event and set up your simulator so that its default step parameter is sufficiently small to properly evaluate the initial voltage across the inductor. It's a sim problem and you need to be more understanding that sims are not perfect.

L/R determines the time constant and in the first scenario L/R = 100 ms. In the 2nd scenario L/R = 1 us.

Answer 2

The switch rise time affects the frequency spectrum of the “step” applied to the system. It’s only natural that if you retune the system to much higher frequencies, but use a slow (low-frequency) step, you will be observing something quite different than in the original circuit: the circuit’s response is so much faster than the stimulus, that the stimulus “appears” to the circuit as if it was stationary.

In SPICE, the simulation setup must match the time scale of the events of interest. If you want to see behavior of a system with a time constant of 1us, you can’t be setting up a 10s long simulation: the default time step will be inappropriate. Make the simulation much shorter - say 20us long, with the pulse at 1us. And you’ll see what you expected then.

Answer 3

what happens if the falltimes of the input pulse.....are same as the ringing frequency of the system

With some care, you can cancel out any ongoing ringing during the ramp up or down, and continue on with a new amplitude and phase. Its all about the ENERGY you inject into the resonant circuit, during the ramp/transient.