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A transistor is a semiconductor device that can amplify signals and switch power. The types that are used most are BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), UJT (Unijunction Transistor), and MOSFET (FET, for Field Effect Transistor).

5 votes

Contemporary transistors

The 68K coincidentally had 68,000 transistors in it, and that chip was available in 1979. …
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1 vote

configuration of transistor for amplification

Compared to other configurations, common emitter (CE) amplifiers tend to have higher input impedance and lower output impedance, and better-than-unity gain, which makes them very useful for both input …
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3 votes

Vacuum tube systems in Apollo era space missions

Not sure it did use vacuum tubes. Maybe the soviets used them? Anyway, according to this site, "The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was built by Raytheon and used approximately 4000 discrete integrat …
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1 vote

Basics of Transistors

The thing with transistors is that they aren't linear devices, so there won't be any simple equations that apply under virtually all conditions, like the ones you have for passives. …
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17 votes

Relay vs. Transistor?

Relays are an ok choice for when the load that needs to be controlled draws more than a couple of amps, and when the switching will not be that frequent. When you need to break (shut off) a current o …
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6 votes

NOT gate with PNP transistor

It seems that you want an inverter in the sense that you want to drive an LED on when you input a logic low, and off when you input a logic high. Something like this would do that: Values for the r …
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4 votes

How do I connect a relay and transistor to an Arduino?

Connect one end of the relay coil to the 5V rail. Connect the cathode end (the end with the bar) of a diode, such as a 1N4001, to that same end of the relay coil. Hook the other end of the diode to th …
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4 votes

Controlling a NE2 lamp with a 12 V signal

To custom design a circuit to switch an NE-2 bulb directly from a 170V DC supply, you would need a transistor that can withstand the 170V supply voltage when off, and pass the 0.5 (or so) mA of curren …
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5 votes

Explain this circuit?

The cap charges through all three resistors, until it reaches a voltage where the NPN base-emitter junction starts to conduct. At that point, the NPN allows current to flow into its collector, which m …
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5 votes

Transistor with two voltage levels, Vb ≠ Vcc

Sounds like the load you're driving is floating the emitter voltage up to where the signal from the arduino can't really completely saturate the transistor. You could move the load up so that it's be …
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17 votes
Accepted

How do I saturate an NPN transistor?

Drive enough current into the base so that the base-collector junction becomes forward biased. How much current will depend on the type of transistor. 'saturation' has to do with how many of the charg …
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4 votes

Need help operating a transistor

If you want the relay to close when the DS2406 output closes: replace the NPN transistor with an equivalent PNP, tie the PNP's base to the +12V supply through maybe 10k to 50k ohms. tie the PNP's bas …
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7 votes
Accepted

Switching relay with a PNP and TTL levels

If you have an open-collector or open-drain type logic output, you can drive a PNP with it, as long as the device is rated to take your supply voltage. In this configuration, use a pull-up resistor fr …
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3 votes

Electronic circuit switch for arduino

It's hard to tell from that picture, but it looks like you have maybe two wires from the arduino going to the breadboard, and two wires going from the breadboard to that thing on the left. Assuming th …
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11 votes
Accepted

Transistors: why are resistors needed?

Resistors in this situation are about current limiting. If you applied your 2.3V micro output directly across a transistor base-emitter junction, the transistor would try to draw far more current than …
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