Questions tagged [bipolar]
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106 questions
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Why bipolar encoding such as AMI is called bipolar?
In bipolar encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative. The voltage level for one data element is at zero, while the voltage level for the other element alternates between positive and ...
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Why doesn't this Colpitts oscillator design work?
falstad schematic link
My setup:
I made many attempts at building a Colpitts oscillator, and this one by far supposed to be the most advanced and with high chance of success.
Yet, it's still ...
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Bipolar RC Oscillator does not oscillate
Falstad schematic and simulation
VCC is 9V.
I made hardware version of this first (didn't put too much effort in this simulation) and it's not working. I could read about 3-4 V on CE, so transistor ...
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Bipolar capacitor replacement with very different dimension
I need to replace a 25VNP / 10MFD bipolar capacitor (the gray one in the picture).
I have a 35VNP / 10MFD (bipolar) capacitor replacement. However it's very small compared to the 25VNP one. The gray ...
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BJT reverse active currents
My question is on bipolar junction transistors, NPN with 2 emitters, as used in TTL NAND gates.
When in reverse active mode, and when the 2 emitter are logic high, how is the collector current ...
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How does Bipolar junction transistor amplifies the voltage? [duplicate]
I was looking at Operational amplifier recently, so if you look at the diagram for op-amp, it's just a bunch of npn and pnp junctions. But how could they come together and work as a voltage amplifier ...
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Why are circuit results different from theorised?
From the following circuit:
I got the following results in comparison to my theorized calculations:
Why were my result different to my calculations?
Here is my calculations:
Equipment used:
...
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Calculating Nmax in loaded bipolar junction transistor inverter
I have tried various methods for calculating N max here, and some have resulted in negative answers while others have resulted in an answer of around 1.
Is my method correct? Or am I missing ...
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Bipolar Transistor Inverter Circuit Analysis
I have been trying to understand this question and I'm just not sure what equation to use for the collector current.
I'm not sure if I need to be using an output voltage function of time?
All I have ...
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PNP Open Collector output series resistor
I have the following circuit to drive a logical output (the input is driven by an MCU):
The issue I have is that because of R4, when I want to draw a few mA from the output, the voltage drops. Right ...
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Identification of bipolar transistors on die (pnp or npn?)
is it possible to tell from this photograph whether the transistors are npn or pnp? And if so, what is the line of reasoning? How to sort that out?
This photo I took is from a Sharp GP1FAV51RK0F ...
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Calculating the gain of a specific transistor amplifier circuit
NOTE: There is an error in the drawing above — C1 should be connected to the emitter, not the collector.
Hi Electronics SE, hope this is the right place to ask this, if not I'll gladly take it ...
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Bipolar signal used in differential ADC
I'm trying to find a way to convert a bipolar signal from a load cell (Futek) to an input for a differential ADC on a TIVA microcontroller(TI TM4C123GH6PM). The load cell's amplifier outputs a bipolar ...
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Why do bipolar electrolytic capacitors have a long and short lead?
Ok maybe not all, but the Nichicon UES series of bipolar "audio-grade" electrolytic through-hole caps have a short lead and a long lead..
Why?
The datasheet has nothing to say about it.
This ...
user156429
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Orientation of "bipolar" capacitors on PCB
I've come across a video on a popular and well-respected electronics channel on Youtube where they say that even bipolar capacitors have a preferred orientation in a circuit that minimizes hum and ...
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What are the advantages of CMOS operational amplifiers vs bipolar in the same class?
Is there something else than Rail-to-Rail output and possibly lower power consumption for low frequency applications? Or Rail-to-Rail is the main one?
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Question about the role of specific element in a circuit (H Bridge)
I am currently studying different ways to design an H - Bridge and came across this circuit. I have a good idea how the bridge works except for the two transistors on the bottom that I have red ...
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Amplification equation for AC coupled Common Emitter stages
Do anyone can tell me how to get amplification equation for this circuit of coupled common emitter amplifier?
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
Edit 1
Equation for ...
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How do I add a bipolar stepper motor to this circuit? [closed]
I have just started electronics at school and cannot find any tutorials on how to do this. I am creating a circuit that when the light intensity increases a bipolar stepper motor will step clockwise ...
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H bridge design for bipolar motor
I'm working on a dual H bridge for a bipolar stepper motor. I found these two designs. I would like to know which design would you guys recommend and why? and if there is any component that might be ...
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Can I change op-amp supply voltage without affecting circuit behaviour
I am working on an audio project which is based upon various sections of several different schematics from various old musical instruments.
I want to make a test board that has multiple different ...
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Gain in current but not in voltage -transistor "voltage follower" set up
Suppose we have the circuit set up as shown in the image. Also suppose that $$V_s=\overline{V_s}+v_S$$, where the smal v is for the variable component of the signal which varies much faster than the ...
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1.8 V to 5.0 V level shifter with low delay and low rise time
i have a problem with finding the right components and circuit for the following problem.
I have a device that is producing trigger signals with a length of 100 ns at a amplitude of 1.8 V (left part ...
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Confusion with understanding the fixed bias circuit
Below shows a bipolar transistor in fixed current bias configuration. A text says that this topology is independent of β:
What I understand is, since Vcc, Vbe and Rb is constant the base current ...
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High voltage linear regulator (with pre-regulator)
I need to build a linear voltage regulator like this:
The problem with the usual linear regulators (LM317, LM337, ..) is the limited voltages they can withstand.
I have taken inspiration from a ...
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Differential Amp - Bipolar transistor
I can't get the same answer as they are getting..
Here is what I'm getting:
$$ Acc = \frac{V_{oc}}{v_{ic}} = \frac{-R\beta i_b}{v_{ic}} $$
$$ i_b = \frac{v_{ic}}{r_{\pi+2R_0}} $$
=> $$ A_{cc} = \...
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Inner structure of a bipolar stepper motor?
The classic diagram looks like this with coils just positioned sideways to the rotation
I'm not sure if this is just a schematic or it indicates the actual structure. However I assume the actual ...
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Using an NPN tranistor as a switch for two bipolar stepper motors
this is my first electronics project which requires controlling 2 different stepper motors with two motor drivers (L293D). I have found that the number of GPIO pins on my microcontroller (ESP8266) is ...
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Doubts on Semiconductor Physics
I'm really confused about the working of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (N-P-N).
Just consider the below figure:
1) Clearly the Base-Emitter junction is forward biased and Base-Collector junction is ...
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what is normalized transconductance uesd for?
The transconductance is defined e.g. for BJT by
gm = dIc/dVBE with VCE=const (1)
where Ic is the collector current and VBE is base-emitter voltage, and from (...
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Issue with bipolar to unipolar opamp circuit
i want to measure ac voltage.For that i need to shift an ac differential voltage (+1.23/-1.23 across R20) to 0v - 2.5v range for a unipolar adc.The R1,R21,R22 divides the voltage and gives +/-1.23v ...
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DC to bipolar DC converters? [closed]
First of all, is there a name for thse kind of converters for easy searching?
There are some voltage adjustable DC to +-5-24V DC converters on eBay but they can't handle more than few hundred ...
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tri-rail power supply from cheap buck converters
I'm looking to build a 3 rail regulated supply (+5v, +-12v) and I've got a bunch of cheap but functional buck converts from aliexpress. I'm wondering if I can run these off a single AC-DC converter (...
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biploar amplifier, voltage gain, and determining resistor values
i've been struggling with this problem. it says that i need to set the resistors of this circuit that produces the highest voltage gain as possible. i got the voltage gain equation, but don't have a ...
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PSpice Bipolar Junction Transistors Modeling
i want to simulate the circuit AmpopTBH2, on PSpice.
On image 1hbt.png we can see that Draft4 is working fine, on image 2hbt_pardif.png is the same circuit as Draft4 but on PSpice that circuit won't ...
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What would happen to the DC bias voltage of the emitter if this capacitor is omitted?
I'm not quite sure what the question means. I need to explain what would happen if I removed the \$1.0 \mu F\$ blocking capacitor from this circuit. Howver, I'm not sure what the "DC bias voltage of ...
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Can a 4051 Multiplexer accept +/- 12v bipolar power
I'm looking to use a CD4051B multiplexer as a digitally-controlled switcher for audio signals.
The audio is coming from the HP / BP output of a voltage-controlled filter in a synth. The signal ...
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Why do we still use Bipolar Transistors for Class A,B Amplifiers?
I'm working on a 4MHz HF power amplifier (Very simple) and was wondering why people still use bipolar transistors for class B amplifiers?
Do they have better linear current gain etc. vs a FET? Is it ...
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Rin, Rout and Gain of Power Amplifier
I'm trying to find the input resistance, output resistance and gain of this circuit.
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
My textbook only has the simpler case when \$R_1 ...
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DC Output Voltage of BJT Differential Amplifier with Active Load
I want to compute the value of VO.
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
I would have guessed that VO = VCC - VEB. Asuming VCC = 5V and VEB = 0.6 V, that would render VO = ...
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Bipolar constant current source circuit
I want to make a constant current source for a few dozen (say 30~60) 2-lead bipolar LEDs by combining a constant-current (CC) source circuit with an H-bridge circuit:
simulate this circuit – ...
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How does the current travel in Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)?
I am completely unable to understand the current direction in npn transistor.
in figure 1, the red arrow indicates the electron flow(which is from emitter terminal to collector terminal). thus ...
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Bipolar audio amplifier questions
Background:
I designed a bipolar audio amplifier to drive a small 0.5W 8 ohm speaker. I am going to use it to listen to other circuits I make. First time doing this since college. Here's the ...
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Purpose of series resistors in this bipolar rectifier circuit?
The following circuit uses two series resistors, one for each polarity of the supply. I understand function of smoothing caps and overvoltage zener diodes, but the resistors I do not. I would like to ...
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Convert and shift voltage from DAC using opamp
I have a signal coming out of a basic DAC (resistor and capacitor) as follows:
1.4V min
4.8V max
~2.8V pp
I have a bipolar supply that is -12V - 0 - +12V
What is the best way to shift this signal ...
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How did bipolar IC density compare to MOS ICs?
Historically, how did the density of bipolar (e.g. TTL) chips compare with MOS? How complex could bipolar ICs get before they hit limits? Does anyone have a Moore's law-style graph for bipolar ...
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Making voltmeter accepting bipolar input voltage, using a microcontroller
I want to build a very simple voltmeter using ATMEGA328 ADC. I can successfully measure up to 20v (using a voltage divider), but the problem is, I don't understand how to measure the voltage properly, ...
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Bipolar signal amplifying to high voltage
I have a bipolar (+-15V) square wave with a frequency of approx. 600 kHz. I want to amplify it to +-500V (not precisely), 50W. The load is around 1kOhm.
Can anyone give me an advice on how to do it?
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low power alternatives to LM741? [closed]
I am trying to build a triangle wave generator and the op-amp that kept getting recommended was the LM741. However, according to the datasheet I found, I need to have at least a 10V source to power ...
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Modelling transistor V_be and bulk resistance
I'd like to calculate algebraically the DC behaviour of various bipolar transistor circuits that used matched pairs or quads (exponential converters, current mirrors etc.), taking into account the ...
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