Questions tagged [x86]
x86 is an Intel CPU architecture that originated with the 16-bit 8086 processor in 1978. Today, the term x86 is used generally to refer to any 32-bit processor compatible with the x86 instruction.
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questions
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Reason for x86 reset vector being at 0xFFFFFFF0 instead of 0xFFFFFFFF
The top answer to this question on Super User gave an explanation that was satisfactory to me at first as to why the reset vector is not at address 0 (afterwards , I realized that it doesn't why the ...
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3answers
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Accessing odd address memory locations in 8086
I am a beginner in microprocessors. Apologies if my question is too naive.
The memory section of the 8086 processor is divided into two segments: even and odd to allow the CPU to fetch 16 bits in one ...
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vote
1answer
35 views
Can a micro operation pass multiple pipeline stages with a single clock cycle?
I'm learning a CPU architecture and currently found some high-level description of Intel x86_64 CPUs architecture. By the high level description I mean something like the following micro-op flow (...
0
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1answer
164 views
Memory interfacing with 8086: IP/CS pointers in EPROM while RAM addresses start at F0000H
Design an interface between 8086 CPU and two chips of 16K x 8 EPROM and
two chips of 32K x 8 RAM. Select the starting address of EPROM suitably.
The RAM address must start at F0000H.
I have a ...
0
votes
2answers
130 views
Buses and the ALU in the 8086
Intel's 8086 manual shows the following diagram for the CPU's architecture (in page 2-5):
If I understand correctly, the ALU's two operands and result are retrieved from / sent to the same 16-bit bus....
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0answers
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8086 doesn't write to external memory [duplicate]
we are working on a circuit containing a 8086 and 8x(2KB) external memories (6116). the problem is that all control signals are asserted correctly, the address and data is provided but they are not ...
-3
votes
1answer
230 views
why ARM architecture necessarily dominates the IOT market? [closed]
I would like to understand why do we use ARM for routers, cell phones, cameras, refrigerators, smart tv, and everything. instead of using any other architecture like x86.
What are the advantages of ...
0
votes
1answer
47 views
Relationships between instruction execution and clock cycle in modern CPUs
I have some misunderstanding about what clock cycle really is. I generally understand a schema how CPU processes an instruction. Intel manual describes the schema for Intel NetBurst architecture as
• ...
0
votes
1answer
46 views
Where the appropriate word size is selected for the operand?
This question is about a 32 bit Intel Chip using x86 assembly. My question specifically is what happens when you do the mov reg, mem instruction where the memory operand is a word (16 bits) from DRAM. ...
0
votes
1answer
365 views
What is the difference between a BIOS chip and a PCH
From what I can gather, the BIOS chip is a loadable memory space that handles initial I/O, system checks and CAN configure certain things like power states and clock rates, before handing operation ...
0
votes
2answers
81 views
is the intel quark capable of running an opencv webcam unity application for linux? [closed]
I built a fairly simple application in Unity that uses a webcam and opencv to overlay graphics in realtime to a user's face. I am looking for a low cost microcontroller/computer to run the ...
12
votes
1answer
2k views
Fan-out of the Intel 8086
I'm studying Intel 8086 processor.
I can't understand why the "Fan-out" column is like that in the table below
I understand that only one "74 family" chips or five "74LS family" gates can be ...
0
votes
2answers
190 views
ARM chips that lack boot ROMs [closed]
This isn't anywhere near as true as it used to be, but I consider one difference between x86 platforms and ARM platforms to be whether or not booting involves the use of a mask ROM at reset to ...
0
votes
1answer
191 views
Anyone knows how X86 platform set the PCIe bifurcation at boot up?
I got a question about the PCIe bifurcation setting when booting up in X86 system.
Normally, we can set the PCIe controller to be X16, two X8, or four X4 in the UEFI shell menu. However, there is an ...
2
votes
1answer
341 views
How does the Intel 8086/88 know when to assert the IO/M signal?
Consider an Intel 8088 processor with a standard, parallel RAM and ROM implementation that also supports address/data bus access to various external peripherals like analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)...
0
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1answer
408 views
Intel 8259A: why use A0 when there's nothing to address?
I am in the process of writing a driver for the Intel 8259A PIC and using the corresponding datasheet for reference.
The datasheet contains a picture of the controller and its connection to the ...
5
votes
1answer
272 views
Intel 8042: what are “test inputs”?
I've implemented a driver for the Intel 8042 (keyboard controller in the IBM PC AT). The IBM 5170 (PC AT) Technical Reference served as my, well, reference for that.
The output port and the test ...
2
votes
1answer
85 views
Intel 8259A: mysterious T bit doesn't fit the pattern
I'm implementing a driver for the Intel 8259A PIC for x86. To do this properly, I am reading the Intel 8259A PIC Datasheet. It is halfway comprehensible even for someone who approaches controller ...
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vote
2answers
218 views
How is register access done in case of X86 architecture when there is only In and OUT command for ports?
In ARM architecture the registers of a peripheral are mapped to the RAM so we can access the register using the RAM.
2
votes
2answers
2k views
Why do I need a page directory?
I've found that image:
and cannot find a reason why there is page directory ? I think that it could save time, if the process (or processes), especially the CR3 ...
0
votes
1answer
90 views
Does A20 line only disable 20th it or all bits from 20th and above?
According to this picture:
Only the 20th bit is disabled until we enable it with keyboard controller (or BIOS). Based on the diagram, I think that the wrap around feature is retained for old programs ...
0
votes
1answer
1k views
8259A End of Interrupt (EOI) signal question
In the x86 architecture, when a hardware interrupt's ISR finishes you need to tell the 8259A chip that it is done and you send an EOI signal to the chip. After that you can return from the ISR using ...
0
votes
1answer
100 views
Capturing x86 register value changes in hardware i.e. at circuit level
I need to find a way of observing (on another 'monitor' machine) changes to registers critical to the address translation process on x86 platforms - including IDTR, GDTR, CR3, etc. This monitoring ...
1
vote
2answers
95 views
TECs and Desktops
Recently I was doing a little research about SFP/SFP+ modules by reading the SFF-8472 spec.
In there, I learned that SFP modules use TECs (Thermoelectric Coolers) to "pump" heat away from the load.
...
1
vote
1answer
130 views
General purpose cpu as logic analyser better / worse than dedicated FPGA implementation
This question relates to building a cheap but capable logic analyzer. I had the idea of using an x86 cpu that was running a program that could fit in the fastest cache that would just read data from a ...
5
votes
2answers
591 views
Effective Address calculation time on 8086/8088
I've started designing an implementation of an 8088 from scratch with the goal of being cycle-exact. I can understand the reasoning behind the number of clock cycles for most instructions, however I ...
3
votes
1answer
824 views
Reverse-engineering VGA
I got a x86-based firewall, produced by Stonesoft. It has serial interface, but it would be easier to install new operating system if I would get VGA output from the device. I discovered promising ...
2
votes
2answers
3k views
What is Pipeline Flushing in microprocessors
I am reading the book "Writing Operating System from Scratch" by Nick Blundell. In one of the chapters, it is explained how we make transition from 16bit mode to 32bit mode. It says that before moving ...
3
votes
3answers
2k views
memory segmentation in 8086
If the external memory (1 MB) in 8086 based system is segmented into code, data, stack and extra which are all 64 kB, what do we do with the rest of the memory? Does it go waste?
2
votes
1answer
4k views
Why ARM cores consumes relatively lower power than x86 [closed]
Why ARM cores consume little power compared with x86 CISC implementations?
What are the valid reasons?
because of it's fabrication technology?
Could this be right? ARM cores have been fabricated ...
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votes
2answers
172 views
The modification of Instruction set [closed]
Recently I came to know that x86 instruction set can be regarded as obsolete. It should have been out of order a decade ago. Instead of being helpful, it can be called as burden. The only advantage of ...
0
votes
2answers
154 views
Can a disconnected pin on DDR3 SDRAM go undetected?
I was testing some DDR3 SODIMM modules using Memtest86+ on a Lenovo Thinkpad T520. I re-tested a module that I previously marked faulty and it came out fine.
So I wonder if it's possible that the ...
